Common Treatment Options For Esophageal Cancer - 1524 Words

One of the most common type of cancers around the world is esophageal cancer. The common risk factors that increase esophageal cancer are the use of tobacco and alcohol, and gastric reflux. More men than women are affected by esophageal cancer [7]. The risk of cancer can be reduced by quitting smoking and quitting drinking alcohol, eating nutritious food, and doing exercise [6,7]. The common treatment options available for esophageal cancer are chemoradiation, invasive surgery, and photodynamic therapy. The most effective therapy used in treating all stages of cancer is chemoradiation, which uses both chemical drugs and intensive radiation. The research studies on esophageal cancer stated that, â€Å"Three-dimensional conformal definitive radio(chemo) therapy is well tolerated and leads to long-term survival in more than 20 % of patients with advanced disease and/or contraindication to surgery† [1]. Chemoradiation is used on patients with or without surgery and also used as pa lliative therapy for patients with an advanced cancer to alleviate pain. INTRODUCTION Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancerous growths. Cancer in the esophagus is found to be three times more common in men than in women and also the risk of cancer increases with age group [6]. Esophageal cancer is not very common in United States, but it is common in Asian and African countries [7]. The common risk factors that may increase the chances of esophageal cancer are tobacco and alcohol use, andShow MoreRelatedEsophageal Cancer : A Lethal Variation Of Cancer1449 Words   |  6 Pages Esophageal cancer, or oesophageal cancer, is a lethal variation of cancer globally ranking sixth as the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths and eighth as the most common type of cancer (Pennathur et al. 2013). In contrast to other parts of the world, the United States has experienced a decrease in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma incidence rates and a distinct increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma, which corresponds to increased obesity and gastroesophageal reflux rates over the years (SimardRead MoreHow Technology Has Impacted Our Society1739 Words   |  7 Pagesor disorder before it has completely developed. Now one might think, â€Å"Why should I care about such a thing?† Well, these folks should think about a person they cherish the most. How would it affect them if they discovered that their loved one had cancer, but it was too late to treat it? This does not always have to be the case with early detection and diagnosis. People around the world ought to embrace the beauty of technology, and take every measure possible to continue living a healthy, happy lifeRead MoreBarium Swallow : Patient Clinical Details3364 Words   |  14 Pagespatients clinical details. Esophageal carcinomas are able to be diagnosed from: †¢ Barium swallow †¢ Chest MRI or thoracic CT †¢ Endoscopic ultrasound †¢ Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsy †¢ PET scan Because barium swallows are non-invasive and clearly outline the shape of the esophagus, the radiologist decided this form of imaging was best suited to the patient and his clinical details which strongly suggested cancer to be the cause of the clinical details. Esophageal cancers usually present withRead MorePatient Clinical Details And Treatments3642 Words   |  15 Pagesstrictures or narrowing s in this region which would account for the patients clinical details. Diagnosis of esophageal carcinomas require imaging to visualise the involvement: Barium swallow are the most common form of imaging and diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma but other procedures such as Chest MRI or thoracic CT, Endoscopic ultrasound and some nuclear medicine scans will demonstrate esophageal carcinomas Because barium swallows are non-invasive and clearly outline the shape of the esophagus, theRead MoreDiverticular Disease and Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagescomplications in the digestive system are not preventable. There are a small amount of diseases that can be not only prevented, but also corrected by eating the proper nutrition or maintaining a healthy lifestyle such as Diverticular Disease and Gastro esophageal Reflux Disease. Diverticular disease consists of the involvement of two conditions that are associated with the development of small sacs or pockets in the wall of the colon. These conditions are called diverticulosis and diverticulitis. ToRead MoreStress And Cancer : Causes, Treatment, And Role Of Lifestyle Plays Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesStress and Cancer Disorder; Causes, Treatment, and Role of lifestyle plays Background information Stress does not produce cancer, but it decreases or weaken the immune system, then a person not able to control or fight cancer disease. Cancer increases many psychological difficulties for the client’s family member, physicians, and other groups of the cancer care team. For example; parents of a child that diagnosed with cancer is very stressful than compared, who not diagnosed with cancer. ParentsRead MoreCancer Is The Second Leading Cause Death Globally2235 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Esophageal cancers (EC) are a significant worldwide health problem because of its poor prognosis and specifically, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence has been rising at an alarming rate for the past few decades (Howlader N et al., 2011). It is estimated that in 2013, 17,990 people in the United States will be diagnosed with esophageal cancer and greater than 85% of those diagnosed will succumb to the disease (Cancer StatisticsRead MorePrevention Of Cancer And Early Detection1293 Words   |  6 PagesOctober is Breast Cancer Awareness month and it is just timely that I would like to delve into one most of the debilitating chronic diseases worldwide. Cancer affects millions of people in all ages, various races, and all walks of life. all forms of media, prevention of cancer and early detection has been propped up to increase public awareness and improve the quality of life of those people suffering from this serious condi tion. The aforementioned topic has caught my eye especially recentlyRead MoreEssay Epidermolysis Bullosa987 Words   |  4 Pagessweating ï  ¶ Difficulty swallowing (dysphasia) ï  ¶ Alopecia (hair loss) ï  ¶ Respiratory difficulties ï  ¶ Squamous cell skin cancer- if someone with E.B. survives childhood this skin cancer is the most common form of death. This cancer usually appears from age 15 to 35. In treating Epidermolysis Bullosa the goal is to prevent any formation of the blisters. The amount of treatment however depends on the case. Preventing infection requires excellent skin care. Good dental hygiene is required and properRead MoreThe Topic Of Cancer By Christopher Hitchens1042 Words   |  5 PagesTopic of Chemotherapy I chose to write an essay about the â€Å"Topic of Cancer† by Christopher Hitchens. In this short autobiographical essay, Hitchens discusses his experience with Esophageal cancer. Just one day after lanching his book â€Å"Hitch-22† Hitchens was made aware of his illness, where he later describes the news as â€Å"taking me from the country of well, to the stark frontier.† It was then he chose to write about his experience for the purpose of documenting the changes that he, and his body were

Roman Empire Its Fall and Power Free Essays

Rome was a major power because it always made certain its own military prowess was preeminent. There have been many ideas presented as to the fall of the Roman Empire. Many believe that Rome declined morally and the violence and decadence of the societal norms led to the demise. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Empire: Its Fall and Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gibbons has been credited with the theory of the influence and transference of Christianity over the Roman system of Gods and Goddesses that perpetrated the fall. Another theory lays the blame at the feet of the Emperor, that the happiness of the people and the functioning of the government was directly correlated with the personal merit and management skills of the reigning authorityRome was a major power because it always made certain its own military prowess was preeminent. There have been many ideas presented as to the fall of the Roman Empire. Many believe that Rome declined morally and the violence and decadence of the societal norms led to the demise. Gibbons has been credited with the theory of the influence and transference of Christianity over the Roman system of Gods and Goddesses that perpetrated the fall. Another theory lays the blame at the feet of the Emperor, that the happiness of the people and the functioning of the government was directly correlated with the personal merit and management skills of the reigning authority Rome was a major power because it always made certain its own military prowess was preeminent. There have been many ideas presented as to the fall of the Roman Empire. Many believe that Rome declined morally and the violence and decadence of the societal norms led to the demise. Gibbons has been credited with the theory of the influence and transference of Christianity over the Roman system of Gods and Goddesses that perpetrated the fall. How to cite Roman Empire: Its Fall and Power, Essay examples

College athletes free essay sample

Should College Athletes Get Paid? Everybody knows the college football star Johnny Manziel, or they know him by his nickname Johnny Football, the first ever Freshman Heisman winner. After winning the Heisman trophy and becoming one of the most popular college athletes of all time, the seemingly untouchable Johnny Manziel was then thought to have signed and then sold his autographs for money. Texas AM brought in 740 million dollars last year and some say a lot of that came from Johnny Manziel being the electrifying player he is. So doesn’t he deserve a little money for doing what he does when the pros get paid for the same things? For the past few years universities have been banned from bowl games, had wins taken away, and scholarships taken away ,as well for only a few players from the team accepting gifts like money from people. Should college athletes be paid since they risk their bodies and possibly their futures for the university to basically make money off of them? Adrian Peterson, an NFL sensation, has his own opinions on whether college athletes should be payed. We will write a custom essay sample on College athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Peterson, who was in the spotlight like today’s Johnny Manziel, believes college athletes should be able to profit from their name which they get fame from (Dator). â€Å"I think if you are in a position to where people want to pay you for your autographs or signatures, then you should be able to do that. Hes a young man and he should be able to sign his name on a helmet or wherever without it being an issue.† Peterson said.(Dator) Adrian Peterson is not the only pro athlete who believes college athletes should be paid for all the money they bring to the university and the town itself. Dez Bryant of the Dallas Cowboys, also has the same views as Adrian because he too went through what Johnny Manziel had to go through in the offseason. The universities make an incredible amount of money from their college athletes so why shouldn’t the athletes be paid? NCAA’s March Madness has become a huge business with their $700,000 30 second ad rate during final four commercials and some of that money goes to the universities that make it that far in the tournament and none of the players get to see any of that. (â€Å"Should NCAA Athletes Be Paid†)College Athletes risk career-ending injuries playing a sport for their school without receiving any money at all from the university. â€Å"The huge amount of  money being made off college sports has led some to question whether student-athletes can be considered amateurs any longer, and whether they should, instead, be paid for their efforts† (â€Å"Should NCAA Athletes Be Paid†) College athletes are the ones who are making the event possible to watch in the first place so why aren’t they being paid? Michael Wilbon says, â€Å"Im interested in seeing the people who produce the revenue share a teeny, tiny slice of it.† Those college athletes who do succeed in college athletics and make a name for themselves deserve to earn a little bit of the money made by the university. In the meantime, if they cannot be paid outright, surely the scholarship athletes should be able to engage in entrepreneurial pursuits that currently leads to costly NCAA investigations that have proven to be mostly a waste of time since, one, such activities historically havent been checked and, two, the kids who commit the infractions arent effectively punished. (Wilbon) On the other hand, some believe that getting a free education and exposure to possible professional careers is enough to compensate for their efforts. â€Å"Colleges are already compensating their student athletes with tuition, room, board, coaching, nutritional support, and physical trainers that can exceed $100,000 per year in value† (Dorfman). College athletes get enough from the school already including scholarships and don’t deserve money as a payment to them some think. â€Å"In the meantime, if they cannot be paid outright, surely the scholarship athletes should be able to engage in entrepreneurial pursuits that currently leads to costly NCAA investigations that have proven to be mostly a waste of time since, one, such activities historically havent been checked and, two, the kids who commit the infractions arent effectively punished.† (Dorfman). So should college athletes be paid for their efforts and all the risks they endure? Universities are making a big portion of their money from the athletes performing, but not paying them for the same thing the pros do. Johnny Manziel is just one case of an enormous amount of accounts of college athletes accepting money or selling their own merchandise. Considering how many injuries that could stunt a college stars career, why don’t they deserve to be paid? Works Cited james Dator. â€Å"Adrian Peterson on Johnny Manziel: NCAA athletes should get paid† SB Nation. 15 Aug. 2013. Web. 16 Sep. 2013 Jeffrey Dorfman. â€Å"Pay College Athletes? Theyre Already Paid Up To $125,000 Per Year†. Forbes. 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 16 Sep. 2013 Michael Wilbon. â€Å"College athletes deserve to be paid†

The Guardian Ad Litem Program Essay Research free essay sample

The Guardian Ad Litem Program Essay, Research Paper The Guardian Ad Litem Program represents kids who appear in the province tribunals. These kids have non committed any offense but are victims of maltreatment, disregard or forsaking. The plan is comprised of voluntaries who represent kids in the tribunals, doing certain they do non go victims of # 8220 ; the system # 8221 ; . Each voluntary works with one or more kids involved in the judicial system and societal services bureaus, going familiar with there lives, while stand foring the involvement of each kid before the tribunal or societal services bureaus involved. Specifically, a voluntary acts in the involvement of each kid in five different capacities. First, as an research worker, a guardian learns every bit much as possible about the kid # 8217 ; background ( i.e. school, church, friends, and any otherpeople/organizations that affect the kid ) . As a proctor, a guardian makes certain societal services bureaus, and any other organisations involved with the kid are run intoing their duties to the kid. We will write a custom essay sample on The Guardian Ad Litem Program Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a defender, a guardian prevents insensitive inquiring in the tribunals that is really frequently carbon monoxide mmonplace. As a reporter, a guardian is a liaison between the child and the courts, presentingwritten reports and recommendations to help act in the child’s best interests. Finally, as a spokesperson, a guardian makes sure the child’s wishes are heard and their best interests are presented to the courts and social services agencies involved with the child. Qualifications to be a Guardian Ad Litem are: at least 19 years old; pass screenings with law enforcement agencies, the Abuse Registry, and Guardian Ad Litem staff; and have a genuine concern for a child’s welfare. No prior experience is necessary as each volunteer goes through 48 hours of training, ranging from juvenile justice, child development, and child abuse and neglect. Professional full-time staff are also available for volunteers’ questions and concerns. Time commitment will vary, depending on the child’s needs and the volunteers own schedule. Efforts are made to match a volunteer with time constraints with a child who needs less representation. As lifestyles and family priorities change in our society, there is a growing demand for volunteers to represent these children.

The Better Way to Go Freelance

The Better Way to Go Freelance Freelance now is more than magazines. You can pitch online newsletters and blogs, too. You do NOT have to go with SEO sites where they take any topic, dont edit, then pay you pennies based upon clicks on your page. Dont even go there. Frankly, it hurts your resume. However, magazines are still the strongest way to go when beginning as a freelancer. Most of them even have blogs on their websites, so if you cannot work your way into the print versions, you just might land a spot on a blog with a very current, timely topic. To start with, study magazines and figure out a way to pitch them. Dont write the piece first and try to fit your square peg into the magazines round hole. Same goes for blogs, newsletters, and websites. Make it a challenge. Make it a game. Close your eyes and pick a magazine in Writers Market, or at sites like www.freelancewriting.com or www.worldwidefreelance.com , then study that dang market until you have an idea to pitch. You are the freelancer. You are the job seeker. Therefore, you have to adapt to what they want. What you know doesnt mean squat. Its what you can learn, create, and morph into something they like.   Many writers think they exist in a tiny, less-than-exciting world, and therefore, they are limited to writing about what they know. Thats the sign of a novice. Nows the time to break out of that confining box. Scared to be daring? Scared to write about something outside your comfort zone? Yall . . . all they can do is tell you no. However, I want to give you suggestions on some ideas to pitch . . . and how to master the creation of ideas on your own. Profiles Most publications love to recognize experts or famous individuals. Know someone who is, say, a great landscape designer, caterer, plumber, farmer? Interview them. Ask for their secrets on being successful. Then find a magazine that caters to that profession/interest. Evergreen topics Check the magazines and notice the subjects addressed every year. Then write up something along that subject only with a spin. What unique habit do you use to get the kids ready for school in the morning (for a parenting magazine)? Whats a different way to fertilize or mulch your garden without chemicals? How do you use business cards (outside the norm)? Normal topics are always subject to twists. Go over topics theyve done before and pitch them from a new angle. Look at the advertisers and get a feel for the readership. Yes, even the ads can give you pointers on what the publication prefers since they vet their advertisers based upon their readers. When I teach freelancing, I throw random magazines on the tables and make the attendees query the magazine. They may not scuba dive, but they can still pitch a profile interview. They may not garden, but they may know an organic coop in their region. Its not hard. Profiles, evergreen topics, and advertising interests. Pitch several per week and soon you are up to your eyes in projects.

Avogadros Law Example Problem

Avogadros Law Example Problem Avogadros gas law states the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas present when the temperature and pressure are held constant. This example problem demonstrates how to use Avogadros law to determine the volume of a gas when more gas is added to the system. Avogadro's Law Equation Before you can solve any problem regarding Avogadros gas law, its important to review the equation for this law. There are a few ways to write this  gas law, which is a mathematical relation. It may be stated: k V/n Here, k is a proportionality constant, V is the volume of a gas, and n is the number of moles of a gas. Avogadros law also means the ideal gas constant is the same value for all gases, so: constant p1V1/T1n1   P2V2/T2n2V1/n1   V2/n2V​1n2   V2n1 where p is pressure of a gas, V is volume, T is temperature, and n is number of moles. Avogadro's Law Problem A 6.0 L sample at 25 °C and 2.00 atm of pressure contains 0.5 mole of a gas. If an additional 0.25 mole of gas at the same pressure and temperature are added, what is the final total volume of the gas? Solution First, express Avogadros law by its  formula: Vi/ni Vf/nfwhereVi initial volumeni initial number of molesVf final volumenf final number of moles For this example, Vi 6.0 L and ni 0.5 mole. When 0.25 mole is added: nf ni 0.25 molenf 0.5 mole 0.25 molenf 0.75 mole The only variable remaining is the final volume. Vi/ni Vf/nf Solve for Vf Vf ​ Vinf/niV​f (6.0 L x 0.75 mole)/0.5 moleVf 4.5 L/0.5 Vf 9 L Check to see if the answer makes sense. You would expect the volume to increase if more gas is added. Is the final volume greater than the initial volume? Yes. Doing this check is useful because it is easy to put the initial number of moles in the numerator and the final number of moles in the denominator. If this had happened, the final volume answer would have been smaller than the initial volume. Thus, the final volume of the gas is 9.0 Notes Regarding Avogadro's Law Unlike Avogadros number, Avogadros law was actually proposed by   Amedeo Avogadro. In 1811, he hypothesized two samples of an ideal gas with the same volume and at the same pressure and temperature contained the same number of molecules.Avogadros law is also called Avogadros principle or Avogadros hypothesis.Like the other ideal gas laws, Avogadros law only approximates the behavior of real gases. Under conditions of high temperature or pressure, the law is inaccurate. The relation works best for gases held at low pressure and ordinary temperatures. Also, smaller gas particles- helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen- yield better results than larger molecules, which are more likely to interact with each other.Another mathematical relation used to express Avogadros law is: V/n k Here, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of the gas, and k is the proportionality constant. Its important to note this means the ideal gas constant is the same for all gases.

Class Project Survey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Class Project Survey - Research Paper Example due to changing global climate. Sea level is also increasing and we are now exposed to the threat that a substantial portion of US Gulf Coast along with Eastern Seaboard. We are also breathing polluted air as many more countries across the world are being highly industrialized, and hence, proportion of hazardous gases including CO2 in the air has increased significantly. (McKay, 403) 1. B) How do forces outside of the US impact your job prospects? Our job prospects are not only affected by internal economic situations, but also by factors that are external to the economy of US. First, opportunities of jobs in the countries outside the US have decreased significantly due to the recent global financial crisis. And second, the extent of outsourcing has been increasing day by day on account increased availability of cheap labor from countries like India, Kenya, (McKay, 385-387) Philippines, and other developing countries. 1. C) How do forces outside of the US impact your physical safety? The physical safety of US citizens is continuously being threatened by terrorists groups of Islamic regions of the world. The event of 9/11 showcased how powerful the Islamic terrorist groups have become. Although, the US government has taken excellent security measures, but we still do not feel fully secured. (McKay, 283) 1.

A reflection on your personal development over the first month of Assignment

A reflection on your personal development over the first month of university - Assignment Example I also found out that I can easily adapt to different kinds of people and environment. I can easily work in team which is an asset because there are some school works that needs group effort. These strengths pose an opportunity for me to get better grades and because I am genuinely interested in my lessons and that I may have a bigger social network after I graduate college. My weakness is that I tend to procrastinate school works especially if they are challenging. Getting started is a challenge for me albeit I work harder once I get started. I am aware that this is a common challenges among student but I do not want to make that as an excuse to justify procrastination. I have to correct this because procrastinating threatens my performance in school and ultimately my grade because procrastination makes me cram during exams. Attainable – I believe that my 85% grade goal is attainable because it is within the 100% grading. I just need to work hard for it and if I need help, I would ask assistance for tutorial to reach that grade. Moreover, the goal of graduating my course in the university is also attainable as most students who studied and work hard for their lessons graduated. Realistic – Considering my aptitude, interest for school and ability to work hard, getting an 85% percentile grade is very realistic. I also do not see any reason or impediment why will I not graduate college eventually knowing that I have the capacity just like the others who have graduated. Time bound – the 85% percentile grade goal is only for this semester. At the end of the semester, I will do another personal reflection on my performance and then set another SMART goals. In principle, I will increase my grade objective in the succeeding semesters once I have achieved my initial objective. I am driven to achieve my goal to prepare myself for the future, make my family proud and also to become a learned person. The only factor that I

Online Grading System Essay Example for Free

Online Grading System Essay 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Problem Philippine Science High School is a specialized public high school system in the Philippines that operates as an attached agency of the Philippine Department of Science and Technology. The school was established through Republic Act 3661, authored by Congressman Virgilio Afable, and signed into law in 1963 by President Diosdado Macapagal. Now, the school is using a manual grading system in which they are using papers, files, cards and calculators to calculate the marks of each student. This type of grading is very difficult and takes a long time in calculating the grades of each student, and the school spends money for papers files and other things, as well as there is big ability for losing or damaging the document. If some records are lost, they never retrieve it in case of unexpected calamity. The important reports that must be generated for the academe personnel are: Student Academic Standing, Complete Summary of Grades and List of Delinquent Students. Moreover, a lot of parents are neither aware nor updated on their child’s performance in school. They did not know the grades that their child had received. Usually, students do not want to show their grades to their parents or their parents live in a distance place that is why they do not have the chance to show their grades even if they like to do so. These are the main reason why the proponents had created this research. With this, the proponents decided to develop the Online Grade Inquiry System to help the school to exercise the new technology in professional evaluation on the part of the instructor. It will help to collect and evaluate the evidence on students’ achievement or performance over a specified period of time. Through this process various types of descriptive information and measures of students’ performances are converted into grades with summarized students’ accomplishments.

Escape from Vietnam :: Personal Narrative

Escape from Vietnam The other night I had a dream. I dreamed of a boy whom I had known a long time ago, but since then he had disappeared completely from my life. In my dream, I saw him sitting beside my bed and talking to me. He told me about the trip that he had taken with his parents, his two older brothers, and his sister when he was seven years old. He told me how his parents had been victimized by a man who knew about his parents’ desperate attempt to flee from Vietnam, so he took advantage of them. â€Å"Wake up, wake up, son. We must leave now.† He opened his eyes and looked outside; it was still very dark and rainy. â€Å"Where are we going, Mom?† he asked while crawling out of bed sleepily. When they left the house for the train station, it was only four o’ clock in the morning, and the boy thought that his family was going to visit their grandparents whom he had not seen for ten years. The next morning, they arrived in Nha Trang, a coastal city in Central Vietnam, where his father told him that they would stay for a while before going to the next destination. They went to live in the house of an acquaintance near the fish market. Every day they would stay inside the house and would go out only when it was absolutely necessary, especially the kids who now had to learn how to be quiet. They learned how to walk tip-toe and to talk by finger pointing; few sounds were made. Every sound was kept to the minimum so the neighbors and the secret police woul d not be aware that there were new people in town. Around midnight on the fourth day, the boy and his family members awakened again. This time they went with the family of the house's owner to a bus station where they took the bus going northward. The boy was very happy because he was free at last to play as a normal child again. On the way, everybody was fascinated and hypnotized by the scenery along the road, especially the kids because it was the first time they had left the cosmopolitan city for the countryside.

Women in Power: Queen Elizabeth

Women in Power: Queen Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I was the most remarkable women leader in English history. She was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich Palace. Her birth was not celebrated; instead it was a bitter disappointment to her father King Henry VIII, who was highly anticipating the birth of a son. Her mother was executed for treason shortly after her birth Elizabeth lost all heredity to the throne. After Henry VIII’s third wife Jane Seymour died, however, Elizabeth was placed back in the order of succession after Edward and Mary by act of parliament.When she came into power, Elizabeth I had to clean up the big mess that was left by her sister Mary’s five year reign. Mary had abruptly changed the national religion from Protestantism to Catholicism, and she was not going to hear any objections. She mercilessly hunted down and executed Protestants who refused to convert. After Elizabeth I took the throne-she switched back to Protestantism and, as Miriam restored religious order in England. Under Elizabeth I, religion and nationality were almost the same.Her first act as Queen was to form a loyal government: she replaced the Privy Council with qualified advisors such as nobles, lawyers, and businessmen. Although she had an excellent board of advisors, she did not allow them to dominate her decisions. Elizabeth was determined to set up a safe and stable government. During Queen Elizabeth’s forty-five year reign, England prospered considerably. Her reign witnessed a wide increase in literacy and achievements in the arts. Famous writers such as Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, and Christopher Marlowe emerged.England also expanded significantly overseas. Elizabeth encouraged explorers like Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, and Sir John Hawkins. Her sponsorship of explorers like these led to the establishment of English colonies around the world. Under her rule, a middle class of merchants, tradesmen, and craftsmen flourished. Elizabeth I embraced the new scientific thinking of the Renaissance and important scientists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Dr. John Dee emerged. Her leadership established England as one of Europe’s leading nations.Elizabeth’s economic achievements were not her only ones; she also had many triumphs in the battlefield, the Spanish Armada being one of them. In 1588, King Phillip of Spain set out to invade England. His plan was to sail one-hundred ships down the English Channel and meet up with the forces of Duke of Parma, who was making their way from the Netherlands, and hopefully overwhelm England. But Elizabeth’s men were keeping watch on the shores of England, and as the first ship was spotted the fighting began. While English soldiers and sailors were out fighting for their country, Elizabeth was on her way to Tilbury.She was not going to sit trembling inside a guarded Palace while her people fought, but was going to go to the coast of the battle and ‘live or die ’ with them. This is where she made one of her most famous speeches, the Tilbury Speech, â€Å"I know I have the body of a meek and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a King, and a King of England, too. † Queen Elizabeth I truly cared about her people, and she was not afraid to defend them. Spain suffered a humiliating loss, and England proudly celebrated their victory.The victory was especially remarkable, considering Spain was the most powerful country in the world in the sixteenth century. Queen Elizabeth I managed to stay alive even though she was the target of many conspiracies and scandalous rumors. Before she even became Queen, she was accused of being involved in the Puritan rebellion by her half-sister, Mary. She was held prisoner in the Tower of London and suffered through torrential questioning. Elizabeth was also the center of a vicious rumor that she allegedly took part in romantic activity with her step-mother Katherine Parr’s husban d, Thomas Seymour.This could’ve easily ruined her reputation, but the rumor was waved off and gossip soon stopped. Assassination conspiracies were also a threat to the Queen. Mary of Scots firmly believed that she was the rightful heir to the throne, and she had constructed several plots to kill the Queen. The fact that Elizabeth had survived through all this turmoil is very remarkable. Queen Elizabeth I had truly earned the love and devotion of her people. Before she was crowned, most people did not believe that a woman could take on the responsibility of ruling a country; Elizabeth proved them very wrong.Her accession day, November 16, even became a national holiday. Queen Elizabeth I developed her image of the devoted ruler who courted her subjects’ opinions and as Gloriana, the goddess around whom England revolved. Queen Elizabeth I was the strongest monarch in English history. Throughout her reign she proved that she really did care about her country and the peopl e in it. She successful in keeping the country together and safe, as many before her had failed to do. Even after four-hundred years, the people of England still love and remember her.

Engineering Ethics Essay

â€Å"The need for safety is proportional to the danger of having an accident. Nothing is fool-proof, yet we must try to minimize risks. If the public is willing to run or to take such risks, who are engineers to refuse and to say no? † (a) In my opinion, the above is a very good argument. The relationship between measures to ensure safety in engineering processes or products of such processes may be linear in the short-term, but at the end, it is found that safety goes down to a participant (or worker) or the user of a product designed and implemented by engineers. The theories relating accidents to bad or unethical engineering practices are largely based on fallacious arguments. Even though it is the ethical and moral responsibility for us engineers to ensure safety during design and construction of projects, there can never be a guarantee no matter how perfect we want things to be (Davis, 1998). The society needs innovation, and it is our professional responsibility as engineers to design innovative products to meet this demand. One thing is important though. All design procedures are based on both theoretical and empirical methodologies where some factors have to be held constant (Davis, 1998). In real life, these factors sometimes may not hold constant due to some unforeseen eventualities. This is one cause of accidents, and it is unavoidable. The society, through its demand for engineering innovation, mutually chooses to engage these risks. b) By definition, a risk is a source of danger or the possibility of incurring a misfortune. Safety, on the other hand, safety is a state of having some degree of certainty that danger or misfortune will not occur (Davis, 1998). In the engineering process, risk and safety are inversely proportional. The lesser the risks associated with a process, the more the safety of the process; and by extension the product. Engineers have, in the process of delivering their services be it in the design or implementation of technical projects, to make sure that the process or project is characterized by as few risks as can be possible (Davis, 1998). As argued in part (a) above, it is virtually impossible to have zero risk. There therefore has to be some degree of safety compromised no matter how insignificant it may be. (c) Engineering ethics is a field of applied ethics which is primarily concerned with setting and examining standards that should ideally govern engineers’ practice, their obligations to the society, their employers and to the profession itself (Davis, 1998). A competent engineer should practice with diligence, professionalism, and morality. When an engineer overlooks any element of this set of standards, the consequences may be minimal or disastrous. If divergence from the engineering code of ethics and professional competence and conduct by an engineer causes an accident, then the engineer is responsible for the accident. Unanticipated mishaps may not be due to lack of diligence on the part of an engineer or engineers in charge of a process or the product of such a process (Davis, 1998). However, where there is sufficient proof that the engineer did not follow standard precautions and the required standards of professionalism, the engineer should be held accountable for any accidents or mishaps resulting from such. The engineer may admit to being negligent due to his or her personal moral principles; but until there is proof of negligence, he or she should not be held responsible. The standards of due diligence applying here are clearly defined in engineers’ code of ethics, of which there are several defined for the various engineering disciplines (Davis, 1998). The National Institute for Engineering Ethics (NIEE), the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and a host of other local and international engineering societies each have a well defined set of ethical standards that each of their members is expected to adhere to. Professional engineers should enforce the standards of due diligence outlined in the applicable code of ethics by first of all liaising with educational institutions that train engineers so that the standards can be taught as part of engineering courses. After graduation, young engineers should further be examined on their levels of competence before being admitted to engineering societies. These examinations should be repeated on a regular basis to ensure that engineers remain competent. In cases where registered engineers fail to comply with due standards of diligence and standards of ethics, their operational licenses should be suspended for some time depending on the seriousness of their negligence and the gravity of its consequences (Davis, 1998). 2. Competence, Personality and Morality (a) Competence in an engineer can be measured by his or her level of knowledge, expertise and cast-of-mind as exhibited in his or her delivery of service (Davis, 1998). A good (or competent) engineer will therefore have the knowledge and expertise required to deliver in his or her engineering discipline as well as the right attitude towards the profession. These qualities must go hand in hand: skills alone cannot qualify an engineer as competent since he or she must have the moral and ethical obligation to take responsibility for all professional activities undertaken. A bad (or incompetent) engineer on the other hand lacks at least one of the above attributes. He or she might have the skills and expertise but lack the moral edge, compromising the safety and satisfaction of clients and employers and therefore bringing the profession into disrepute (Davis, 1998). (b) There is a relation between being a good engineer and being a good person in that the principles upheld in one’s personal life are likely to be transferred into professional practice (Davis, 1998). A good person conducts him or herself with honesty and claims responsibility for his or her actions. Engineering ethics are about exhibiting sufficiently high standards of obligation to the public, clients, employers and the profession. A person who cannot be held responsible in the society or in his or her personal life will most likely be irresponsible in professional practice and vice versa; so good people are most likely to make good engineers (c) Someone’s moral competence can be established by recording their approach to situations or by establishing what values are placed on the means and ends of a problem (Davis, 1998). Morally competent people tend to weigh situations carefully so that a balance is created between the values placed on the means and those placed on the end. In the engineering context, a morally competent engineer will seek to practice in a manner that meets engineering ethics so that his or her practice ensures safety and comfort for others. (d) Moral competence evaluations are difficult because morality itself is a very complex issue. Morality is determined by an individual’s world view, and world views vary from one person to another (Davis, 1998). There cannot be a mechanism to justify some moral values as more righteous than others since everyone is entitled to his or her point of view which has been formed by his or her experiences and environment. However, evaluations of moral competence are still necessary since as engineers, we have to build a consensus on the standards which can be termed as mutually satisfactory and recommendable for the practice of engineering. ? References Davis, M. (1998). Thinking like an Engineer: Studies in the Ethics of a Profession. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

PEST Analysis of Proton Essay Essays

PEST Analysis of Proton Essay Essays PEST Analysis of Proton Essay Paper PEST Analysis of Proton Essay Paper 1. 0 Introduction: PEST is a survey which is discerning by depicting the outside of ecological manipulates on a company. The abbreviation locates for the Political. Economic. Social and Technological affairs with the purpose of may possibly act upon the tactical growing of a company ( ESCAP 2009 ) . Here I choose a concern organisation which is PROTON to sort PEST which manipulates a helpful technique of abbreviation the exterior milieus in which this concern maps. However. it has to be trailed up through contemplation of how this company ought to respond towards these force per unit areas. The intent of this papers is towards the centre of attending on the affair of proton within conditions of facing dissimilar predicaments within the Malaysia every bit good as world-wide automotive concern ( ESCAP 2009 ) . 2. 0 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY: 2. 1 IntroductionThe automotive concern in local is regard as solitary of the bulk indispensable every bit good as of import tactical concerns within the developed part. Malaysia is chiefly a traveller concern market and the trade is good thought-out as a national market-directed. The most of import cause why traveller concern market is well-known within the state is for the ground that of the fiscal place of the state ( World Wide Web. proton. com ) . 2. 2 Company HistoryIt all started in 1979. Malaysia’s Minister of Modernization. Tun Mahathir Mohamad. debated the idea of establishing an automotive assemblage every bit good as developed concern in our state. On May 7. 1983. the vision was rewarded after PROTON was officially integrated ( World Wide Web. proton. com ) . Furthermore. on July 9. 1985. their initial reproduction. the Proton Saga was commercially begun. In the beginning. every one of the mechanisms of the vehicle was wholly semisynthetic through Mitsubishi. but the local component has been able to be used. as engineerings were transported every bit good as capacities were enlarged ( Frost A ; Sullivan 2002 ) . The symbol of the vehicle was distorted as of the Malaysia’s coat of weaponries every bit good as a fourteen-pointed star to a stylized tiger caput. It represents PROTON’s disposal method every bit good as industry term. even as its authority is replicated in each and every Proton merchandises ( Histomobile. n. vitamin D ) . 2. 3 Products and ServicesThey created their 1 millionth auto in the twelvemonth 1996. This achievement was marketed through more than a few of import novel reproduction begins consist of the Proton Tiara. Proton Wira 2. 0 Diesel every bit good as the two-door Proton Putra. to boot to their obtaining agreement of the Proton Wira. Proton Satria every bit good as Proton Perdana. In the following 10 old ages. they continue to be after and bring forth an advanced assortment of replicas consist of the Proton Waja. Proton Juara. Proton Arena. Proton Gen 2. Proton Savvy. Proton Persona. Proton Innova every bit good as Proton Preve ( World Wide Web. proton. com ) . Furthermore. we produced new innovation replicas consist of the fresh Saga. Waja CPS. Gen 2 CPS every bit good as the Persona Special Edition. Nowadays they are persistently looking for betterment that makes PROTON as a merchandise that includes non merely fabricating the best vehicles. but accepting the rules that arrives with it ( www. proton. com ) . 3. 0 Introduction of PEST Analysis: 3. 1 PoliticalGovernmental bureaus are basically to what rank the authorization interfere in the asceticism. These issues explain about official and non functionary ordinance which their collection must be attached to. Accurately. constitutional causes accommodate field such as revenue enhancement disposal. employment fundamental law. ecology categorization. export countenances. disbursal. and domestic confidence ( Businessballs. com ) . General bureau may besides suit effects and pertinence which the general wants to set up or be arranged and those that authorization does non desire to be arranged. Additionally. governments accept inordinate bureau on the fittingness. sophistication and root of a democracy ( pestleanalysis. com ) . 3. 2 EconomyEffective bureau suit effective progress. one-year per centum rate. currency exchange rates. committee degrees. enduring beforehand expectancy of a provincial. bankruptcy. calling concatenation. GNP trend-sand. extension sum and wellness possibility and cost. These factors have major impacts on how concern operate and do determination. For excuse bank rate alter a compact’s sum of dominant and accordingly to what country concern grows and embroider. Currency exchange rates change the sum of transporting material and the accretion and cost of purpose material in an asceticism ( pestleanalysis. com ) . 3. 3 SocialSocial issues include beliefs. attitudes. linguistic communication. gender functions every bit good as faith. Not merely that. it besides consist of the cultural characteristics every bit good as including of wellness consciousness. occupants demographics. age distribution. profession manners. net incomes distribution. consumerism. phase of instruction every bit good as importance on protection. Inclination in social issues act upon the demand for a business’s goods along with how that concern operates. For case. concerns might change a assortment of disposal tactics to accommodate to these societal inclinations ( Businessballs. com ) . 3. 4 TechnologicalTechnological issues regard as the patterned advance in engineering every bit good as the latent in the market. Technological issues consist of technological characteristics for case R A ; D action. mechanisation. engineering incentives every bit good as the rate of technological alters. They could set up obstructions to entry. minimal well-organized innovation rank every bit good as manipulates outsourcing decision. Furthermore. technological displacements could act upon monetary values. values every bit good as usher to freshness ( pestleanalysis. com ) . 4. 0 Relate Framework to Organization: 4. 1 Political ComponentThe being of AFTA otherwise ASEAN Free Trade Area is one of the critical issues to believe about. Soon. the bulk of ASEAN territory are complimentary trade otherwise 96 % of the whole ASEAN trade. AFTA was well-known in January of 1992 in categorize to eliminate revenue enhancement barriers amongst the Southeast Asiatic provinces. It intended to diminish revenue enhancements in 15 old ages amongst the six provinces during an ordinary effective particular revenue enhancement since Malaysia has two countrywide vehicle Godheads which are Proton every bit good as Perodua plus the authorities requests to support their benefits. Sadly. the supposed growing might verify to be a probationary key. There is a big chance to ease the local market will be ruled through importing vehicles if we are about to guarantee on the elevated advertisement costs of the countrywide vehicles of Malaysia for the ground that of high innovation monetary values every bit good as be short of merchandiser effectivity. Therefore. there will be raise in the measure of the autos on the route every bit good as there will be accretion of used vehicles in the market. for the ground that citizens will be probably to cover their vehicles for lower monetary values every bit good as importing merchandises. Furthermore. the factor refering the milieus is really of import since it is regard as one of the bulk converse in relation to subject in the Earth. Besides. the ecological direction in Malaysia is able to be copied back through the colonialism of British which begun the ecological rules sing the mineral every bit good as agricultural ownerships to Europe. 4. 2 Economy ComponentThe car gross revenues in the state is expected to fall by 12. 4 % due to dissimilar fiscal characteristic. the issue of planetary fiscal crisis which exaggerated the local economic place of the province in 2009. The disposal of the province is looking for a slower fiscal expansion for the province which can act upon the purchasing attitude of the clients. Furthermore. AFTA had enlarged the competition which will impact the presentation of Proton. Nevertheless. the presentation of the car concern will be preserved every bit good as managed due to the big amount labour force. In add-on. the unemployment rate was merely 3. 5 % . which illustrates an about full employment in malice of the slower fiscal growing in 2003. 4. 3 Social ComponentThe lifting dwellers in the province can act upon the car concern.The province has a amount of 27. 5 million people in the twelvemonth 2008 which has the ability to give a larger sum of markets. Furthermore. the fraction of vehicle ownership in the province is reasonably high which indicates that citizens are taking into consideration vehicles are as chief materials in their lives. Customers are anticipated to postpone purchasing diverse motor vehicle for the ground that of the employment market hesitantly for the ground that of the worldwide and local economic catastrophe. The lifting facts every bit good as public presentation of the citizens refering diverse ecological factors is an excess issue to believe about. The hit of the illustration to the fidelity of the client is another factor. 4. 4 Technology ComponentThe critical issue in the automotive concern is engineering. The growing in engineering is lifting every bit good as impacting the presentation every bit good as agreement of all the concern in the car concern because of the lifting competition. Furthermore. it is besides critical to reflect on the development of engineering. reciprocally among the development and ability of developing. This is for the ground that it could act upon the freshness process of any concern. Intellectual belongings is good thought-out as a precursor of legitimacy every bit good as clannishness is an extra critical issue. By ground of the dissimilar engineerings. chiefly the aid of Personal computer every bit good as the cyberspace. the possible for freshness and betterment is lifting. 5. 0 Decision: 5. 1 Summary of AnalysisProton was regard as the countrywide vehicle manufacturer of Malaysia every bit good every bit respect as the most of import rival within the concern. Nevertheless because of the dissimilar issues. chiefly the achievement of AFTA. the auctions every bit good as market portion of the concern garbage ( Ghani A ; Zainuddin 2008 ) . However. because of the changeless backup of the disposal. plus the changeless agreement of the concern in the market. it could be alleged so as to the concern botched to focal point on the critical characteristic of a concern consecutively to continue rival advantage every bit good as that is novelty ( BuildBoard n. vitamin D ) . Consecutively to decide the recent fortunes of the concern. it will be critical to focal point on freshness or R A ; D process. This may possibly be completed by focus oning on associating latest Information technology or IS in the way of speed uping the process of intriguing ( BuildBoard n. vitamin D ) . Mentions: 1. World Wide Web. proton. com 2. Ghani. K. . Zainuddin. Y. . Fereidouni. H. G. A ; Ziaee. A. ( 2008 ) . ‘AFTA: Consequence on Malayan Economy’ . Journal of Management and Social Sciences. Vol. 4. no. 2. pp. 134 – 141. 3. Hax. A A ; Wilde II. D. ( 2003 ) . ‘The Delta Model – A New Framework of Strategy’ . Journal of Strategic Management Education. vol. 1. no. 1. 4. World Wide Web. slideshare. net/mandalina/marketing-plan-proton 5. PEST analysis method and illustrations. Businessballs. com. 6. Howard Thomas. ( 2007 ) â€Å"An analysis of the environment and competitory kineticss of direction education† . Journal of Management Development. Vol. 26 Iodine: 1. pp. 9 – 21. 7. Atul Gupta. Jason C. McDaniel. S. Kanthi Herath. ( 2005 ) â€Å"Quality direction in service houses: prolonging constructions of entire quality service† . Managing Service Quality. Vol. 15 Iodine: 4. pp. 389 – 402. 8. World Wide Web. proton-edar. com. my/ Home / About-Us aspx 9. George O. K’Aol. Francis Wambalaba. â€Å"Homegrown Kenya: the horticultural industry under fire on CSR† . Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies Collection. ( 2011 ) . 10. 12Manage. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis. Available from:hypertext transfer protocol: //www. 12manage. com/ . [ 25th March 2009 ] 11. Frost A ; Sullivan ( 2002 ) . The impact of AFTA on the ASEAN Automotive Industry. 12. Nijssen. E. J. A ; Frambach. R. ( 2000 ) . Making Customer Value Through Strategic Marketing Planning: A Management Approach. Springer. 13. ESCAP ( 2009 ) . V. Malaysia. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. unescap. org/tid/publication/part_two2223_mal. pdf. [ Accessed 24th 2009 ] .

A Narrative of My Goals in My Bucket List

A Narrative of My Goals in My Bucket List Having bucket list that we want to accomplish before we die, is basically showing that we have goals that might seem impossible to accomplish. These goals show how much we appreciate what we see around us. Theres a movie called The Bucket List in which the actors decided that their bucket list items were so important that they needed to find people to help them achieve their goals. Items such as climbing Mount Everest, going skydiving. I am pretty sure that we all have thought of or made a bucket list at some point in our lives, these items could also be described as goals that we want to achieve in our personal lives. For example mine are to travel around the world, perform a kind deed without expecting anything in return, and to become a criminal profiler. My goals go anywhere from economical pleasure, career of choice, and even an opportunity to become a better human. I believe that bucket list items dont necessarily have to be activities that we want to complete before we die, bu t also, life improvements that are necessary but at the moment are difficult to obtain. First, Traveling all around the world has always been my goal since I was little. I grew up in a tiny town I had a difficult time envisioning much else outside my comfortable country bubble. When you travel to other countries and see the amazing beauty of sunsets over seas, rain forests, waterfalls, you realize the world is full of more beauty that you are capable of seeing in a lifetime. But, you still have the intense passion to try. Not seeing this when I was younger, I would of have less desire to venture out when I’m older and have job and family constraints in play. I would have less of a desire to put the effort into taking the time to travel. Secondly, Performing a kind deed without expecting anything in return, has always touched my heart. Since I was in Puerto Rico I used to see people at the traffic lights asking for money, food, coats anything they could ask for. Seeing people in those conditions have made me go and give food or at least five dollars. Its hard to see them struggling and not do anything for them. When you do a good deed you helping someone. The homeless person now has food to eat, thanks to the kindness of these generous people. The person who is the receiver of a good deed or random act of kindness has gotten some help. However, he received more than just a meal or two. In addition to getting food, he also received the message that he is important and worth helping. This good deed warms his heart as well as fills his stomach. Third, Becoming a Criminal Profiler has always been my dream. Since I started to watch Lie to me that show has inspired me to become someone who can help other find justice for our world. Lie to me it is based on a scientist whose expertise is detecting and interpreting micro expressions, involuntary facial expressions that last just a moment. A useful skill if you want to figure out whether someones lying, and why. Dr.Lightman runs a consulting firm from which he and three supporting characters traverse the Washington, D.C., area solving mysteries for the police, FBI and pretty much any other client who needs a lie detector. Criminal Profiler has Law Enforcement agencies rely to help them identify suspects in an investigation. Profilers use the details of a crime, including evidence and witness testimony, to determine a behavior pattern as well as develop a psychological portrait of the suspect. This allows law enforcement officials to focus their search on suspects who fit this p rofile. Individuals who work as profilers typically have a degree in criminal justice, psychology or behavioral science. Finally, Accomplishing these three things before I die would make me feel good about myself, because I got to where I wanted to be. I really liked the movie because to me it was about dealing with what life gives you and dealing with it the best you can and with the best attitude you can have. I like that even though they were old and dying that they still had goals that they wanted to do and they still got out there and did it even though they may not have felt great all the time. It tells you that you should live life to the fullest everyday and to always have a goal to keep yourself going and looking forward. It gives you something to look forward to.

Valuation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Valuation - Research Paper Example Coca-Cola Corporation has introduced more than 500 brands and some of the renowned brands are Coke, Diet Coke, Caffeine Free Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola Zero. The company has its presence in more than 200 countries of the world and is more renowned as Coke. More than 1.7 billion people are served every day with the products of Coca-Cola.1 PepsiCo, Inc. (or â€Å"PEP)† is another American based multinational enterprise that operates in the food and beverage industry. Headquarter of PEP is in Purchase, New York. The company was formed in 1965 and since that time it has expanded its brands to more than 200 countries. PEP is the fifth largest food and beverage company in the world in terms of total revenue however in the North American region it is the largest company. There are more than 285 thousand employees working for PepsiCo around the world.2 Food and beverage industry includes food production, distribution, retailing and catering of food and beverages. The total value of this industry in the year 2008 was $5.7 trillion. The growth rate of the industry is expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.5% and it is estimated that the total value of this industry would reach up to $7 trillion by the end of 2014.3 As other industry suffered because of financial crisis, food and beverage industry was also one of the victims of recession. The industry was affected and companies in the industry had to face different problems like increase in food prices, increase in transportation cost and a reduction in consumer spending thus, reducing the profitability of the companies in the industry. PepsiCo is the fifth most important company in this industry with offering different products like snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated drinks. The total revenue of PepsiCo is $43.3 billion USD with a net profit of $5.1 billion. Coca-Cola Corporation is considered to be the seventh most important company in the industry with

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders Research Paper

Ethical values of transactional and transformational leaders - Research Paper Example For leadership to occur there needs to be some leader-follower relationship ­ without followers, there is no leader (Hay & Hodgkinson, 2006). Though a leader might be chosen as part of a formal system, a person can be a leader without official authorization. The actual leader of a group might not be the "assigned" manager, and in reality, the roles of leader and follower may be ever-changing, as needs and circumstances change (Burns, 1978, 2003). Leaders are a means toward change (Bass, 1981). Burns (1978, 2003) points-out that the primary, driving force for leadership is change, and leaders/followers have a dynamic interdependency. They succeed or fail, based on how well they work through change. According to Bolman and Terrence (2003), although leaders may share some common qualities (i.e., vision), a major factor in making leaders is the situation or environment in which they lead and/or develop. Kouzes and Posner (1995) state that job assignments, relationships/contacts with ot her people, as well as formal training and education can help develop leadership. Integrity and Moral Leadership Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines integrity as "firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values; an unimpaired condition; the quality or state of being complete or undivided." But integrity is more complicated than these simple definitions. Persons of integrity must be independent enough to choose freely the values by which they will guide their lives. They must have an awareness and understanding of both their strengths and weaknesses and the capacity to evaluate themselves in a realistic fashion without self-deception (Spencer, 1996). Integrity may be seen as related to the desires with which we identify in order to act effectively in our lives. This identification signifies our capability to focus on reasons for carrying out certain actions other than our simple desire to do so. We therefore possess values relevant to our behavior and not just desires. We can be said to value something provided the identifications are sufficiently consistent and derived through practical reasoning and a sense of responsibility to act according to them. Integrity is displayed through self ­ awareness and self-control in acknowledging these values (Taylor, 1985). According to Ciulla (1995), in defining "good" leaders, consideration must be given of their ethics, as well as their effectiveness. It is a leader's character that really matters (Bass & Steidlmeier, 1999). Leadership quality can't be considered without evaluating character, and core values are more critical than anything else (e.g., expertise, techniques, knowledge) (Sankar 2003). "Moral literacy is as important as computer literacy to a leader's effectiveness" (Sankar, 2003, p. 52). Ethical leadership in an organization can be heavily influenced by its senior leadership. Hood (2003) found that, in order to understand an organization's ethical practices, it is significant to understand the moral orientation of its CEO. Even the most ethical supervisors will have difficulty if their own upper management is unethical. For there to be an ethical organization, along with top management support, there needs to be a corporate-wide ethics policy, and, most importantly, there is a need for individual leaders who practice ethical behavior (i.e., integrity, honesty, trustworthiness) (Carlson & Perrewe, 1995).

To be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

To be Determined - Essay Example Collier wastes little time stating that she felt wronged by Mr. Ducks poem and suggests that it is perhaps men who are to blame for any perceived faults women may display. She describes a time when women were honored by men simply because they were women. During this Golden Age, women were revered as objects of desire and revered as givers of life. She speaks of a day and age when men labored and toiled so women could devote themselves to pursuits more in keeping with their sex. She suggests that is the men that are at fault for ending the Golden Age, not women. Having established that perhaps mankind as a whole is at fault for their current attitudes toward women, Collier next seeks to establish the fact that women perform many of the same chores on the farm as men. She describes cheerfully threshing hay and working in the fields alongside the men. By establishing womens participation in traditional labor performed by men, Collier is preparing to establish her theme of inequality by going into detail concerning the labors expected of women that occur after the men are asleep or at leisure. Women have countless chores around the household. When the men were in the field, women could stay home to do work such as caring for children, gardening, tending to domestic animals and preparing food for the family. But when women were called into service in the fields, they needed to help there in addition to all of these other duties. This results in a workday for women that begins very early and ends very late. Collier describes this inequality by s peaking of waking as the stars are still shining and the men folk are still in bed slumbering and dreaming. (141-146) Though written over two hundred and fifty years ago, Collier could have well been writing about the trials of modern women in the workplace. While men share more in domestic chores than they

The Restaurant Industry Today Marketing Essay

The Restaurant Industry Today Marketing Essay Restaurants are one of the most highly regulated businesses today. The nature of the project is starting a new Asian restaurant in North West London. We decided to open the new restaurant in Wembley central. According to the National Restaurant Association, the restaurant industry sales are expected to reach a record $537 billion in 2007 and they have estimated that there are approximately 935,000 restaurant-and-food service centres. Firstly we need to do first business plan in order to open a new restaurant. Project objectives Opening up a new Restaurant in Wembley central area will meet the following set of objectives: Achievement of companys objective which includes maximisation of shareholders wealth. Fulfil its growth organically. Accomplishing customers requirement such as easy access to our stores and good customer services. Industry Analysis Although the restaurant industry is very competitive and as the number of people have less time, resources, and ability to cook for them it is important that the restaurant is well positioned for the current interest and people get healthier foods at moderate to low prices. The Restaurant Industry Today The food service business is one of the third largest industries in the country. It accounts for more than $240 billion sales annually. The independent restaurant accounts for 15% of that total. According to a survey the average American spends 15% of his/her income on meals eating away from home. This number has been increasing for the past seven years. In the last five years the restaurant industry has out-performed the national GNP by more than 40%.Due to the change in people lifestyles, economic climate, and due to the increase in the variety of products there are more than 600 restaurants opening every month and over 200 more needed to keep pace with increasing demand. Future Trends Strategic Opportunities The predicated expansion movement is very positive both in short and long-term projections. Folkney states again that as modern living creates more demands, people will be forced to eat more meals away from home. According to the DMR Industrial Report (April 1995) estimates this as high as 30% over the next five years. According to the National Restaurant organization (1998) released that how the Foodservice industry might look in the year 2000. Some highlights from the panels findings are as follows: Consumers will spend a superior quantity of their food dollar away from home. Independent operator and entrepreneurs will be the main source of new eating place concept. Food concern will be critical at all types of foodservice operations, and food flavour will be of greater significance. Ecological concerns will receive increased interest. Feasibility Study Financial Feasibility A Financial Feasibility study is an estimation of the financial aspects of something. This project has been assessed in terms of its financial feasibility and it feasibility in terms of cost and benefit analysis. The benefit that can be derived from this project and will outweighs it initial cost. Taking into account performance of restaurant with similar size in Wembley area, I have used those performances as to project the expected cash flows where on average they both produce  £10,000 per week. Operational Feasibility I recommend that this restaurant will be able to achieved these targeted payback period of five months to make back the initial investment. This analysis has been shown below: Revenue per month:  £78,350/5 =  £15,670 Revenue per staff per operating hours:  £78,350/ (10*8) =  £980 as part of company training policy, all staff will be well trained to deliver excellent customer service standard. Revenue per week:  £15,670/5 = £3,134 Social and Environment Feasibility I have undertaken a market a market research and environment scanning to ascertain whether there will be interest on our restaurant, what is the demographic settlement like in terms of food. My study indicated that most people will like our food because we will provide different kind of variety. Timescale In order to open a restaurant, we need to prepare business plan first. It will take around 1 month. About finding location and finding restaurant name will take 1 month. Finance the business will take 2 month because sometimes it takes time. Installation of electricity and equipment will take also 1 to 2 month. And last we need to obtain business licence. Task-1.2 SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is a tactical preparation process used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the purpose of the business course or project and identifies the internal and external factors that are favourable and unfavourable for achieving the business objective. Strengths Brand equity The Restaurant location ( Wembley area ) Reliability of food Consumers choice at reasonable value and great service Cheaper price than others We have take-away option Different menu items Weakness Quality and taste of products Our restaurant is new and not established Our restaurant has poor disabled facilities Limited funds Opportunities A new office complex is being built near by A new housing development is planned Threats The high street brand is moving into the area A main competitor has lowered their prices Our operational costs are set to boost PEST Analysis A PEST analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Political Factors This relates to direct impact of political influences and it impacts our project. In the case of this project local council will support to our business because it will create jobs as well as optimize councils tax revenue. Especially creating job is a major priority for the national government so they will be in support of the project. And also there will be less political risk that will affect this project such as government rejection of the propose moved, increased in tax at present time in very unlikely. Economic Factors The general economic environment shows that spending level among some people individual will fall due to difficulty in gaining credit but most young people with relative disposable income can at least spend and these are the people we are targeting. Social Factors Social factors mainly include the educational aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. In this area I have undertaken a market research and environment scanning to ascertain whether there will be interest on our restaurant food. My study indicated that most people are Asian in Wembley area and will be interested in our Asian. . Technological Factors A technological factor includes the ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. Here the impact of technological changes which we already possessed will help the company to gain competitive advantages such as e-commerce. Stakeholder Analysis A Stakeholder Analysis is a essential tool for identifying those people, groups and organisations that have significant and genuine interests in a specific urban issue. Clear understanding of the likely roles and contributions of the many different stakeholders is a original condition for a successful participatory urban Governance process, and stakeholder analysis is a basic tool for achieving this understanding. The Stakeholders are; Customers Suppliers Employees Shareholders Customers Each of the stakeholders will have different expectation of an organisation. They try to engage with customers. They provide sales information, monthly monitoring of views. Their customer question time meeting help to identify and respond to changing customers needs. Suppliers The relationship of interests between an organisation and its suppliers can be seen as very similar to that between the organisation and its customers, but reversed. They do regular visits, meeting and discussions with suppliers. They have direct relationships with important raw material suppliers. Suppliers stock the business with all its business supplies. Suppliers may want an increase in wages. Suppliers have an interest in ongoing and mutually beneficial business relationships, and they expect to be paid on time. Employees The Company try to engage with employees. They have many ways such as internal communications including an employee magazine and regular business updates. Employees many want an increase in pay rise. Staffs have a very big interest in the business in the form of wages, bonuses, discounts and holidays pensions. Employees interests may be seen as the assertion of certain rights deriving from what is seen to be acceptable in the way in which employees are treated within society. Shareholders The Company have shareholders. They do collection of feedback questions from individual shareholders. Shareholders are the owners of a company. Their only real involvement in the organisation will be at the Annual General Meeting, when they are called upon to approve, by a vote, the overall direction of the organisation and the senior management team responsible for achieving that direction. Oftentimes, the only difference between floating and drowning is the direction. Without the restaurant financial analysis, a restaurant may be face downwards without even knowing it. A restaurant financial analysis analyzes routine metrics such as profits and losses, cash flow, cost of sales and cost of labour. By assessing this data, operators can evaluate their finances and establish systems and structures to keep their restaurant a float. Restaurant financial analysis performance metrics Profits and losses Whether we are produced monthly or weekly, profit and loss statements give restaurant operators a broad overview of their sales history. But the information only becomes useful when broken down to reflect the cost of sales, cost of labour and other overhead costs. Restaurant financial analyses assess the profits and losses With a vital eye to settle on specific areas taht should be improved upon. . Cost of sales A restaurants cost of sales, sometimes referred to as cost of goods, is the sum of all expenses associated with producing the menu items. Should food costs be running at 20 percent or 40 percent? The answer can vary depending on A restaurants positioning (fast casual, casual or upscale) and menu mix. Restaurant financial analysis can help operator decide where their cost of sales should be by building academic food and beverage costs. Cost of labour Cost of labour is another donor to cost of sales. A fine line exists between overstaffing a Restaurant and scheduling enough employees to run a restaurant effectively. Sensible setting up and employee output are the best ways to control cost of labour. In addition, tools should be available to assess mid-shift needs. Many restaurateurs are unwilling to phase out employees in a timely fashion. Restaurant financial analysis can re-examine payroll reports, sales reports and customer counts to optimize Scheduling and productivity and decrease cost of labour. When to undergo restaurant financial analysis Opening a new restaurant When opening a restaurant, restaurateurs can make use of financial analysis to forecast their success. A restaurant financial consultant can sketch a five-year plan and financial forecast based on industry and division standards. Financial analysis can also be used to establish financial systems for a new restaurant. Wheels for cash handling, inventory, payroll and daily sales reconciliations should best established well in advance of a restaurant opening. By implementing these systems early in the game, a restaurant can effectively monitor them, giving it a greater chance of succeeding financially. Purchasing an existing restaurant Before the purchase of an existing eating place concept, restaurateurs should conduct financial analysis and feasibility studies to determine the productivity probable of the operation. This can be sketchy by evaluating pattern and trend in the restaurants past presentation and estimate the effect of probable changes. Running an operating restaurant Restaurant financial analysis is not just for new operations. Generally, it is most beneficial for restaurants already in operation. Whether a restaurant has been in business for a year or 20, financial analysis can help identify losses and hidden costs. That information will help establish proper financial systems or process existing ones to keep money from slipping through the crack. Who can perform a restaurant financial analysis? Restaurant financial analysis shouldnt be performed by just any financial consultant. It is best to work with consultants that specialize within the restaurant industry. The main goal of restaurant financial analysis is to help operator understand how their restaurant can become more profitable. A restaurant-specific consultant can explain the analysis course and their findings in terms that restaurant operators will know. A financial consultant will know the aim routine metrics for specific restaurant categories and the industry as a whole. They can provide guidance for the selection and performance of point-of-sale and accounting systems and show operators how to get best results from these systems. A financial consultant can help eating place operators build the necessary tools to pull and analyze their own financial reports. Eventually, financial analysis should be ongoing, becoming an everyday part of a restaurants thinking. Restaurant financial analysis doesnt just keep a restaurant floating, it helps their business fly. Task-1.3 Market Competitively and Activity This project will fit the business strategic of the restaurant because it will help gain competitive advantage, create new market for potential customers, gain market share in as well as responding to changes in business environment, increase profitability, establish local branch, obtaining new customers, expansion of business and improve companys image which could be achieved since there is an existing market gap which we can fill via Ansoffs matrix. Marketing Analysis shows that this project will make the business more competitive in the following ways: Demographic population: In west London area, the population is very high. There are many Asian restaurants available in the area. And the all restaurants provide good services and good food. Food variety: The social society will be interested in our food because we will provide variety in the food along with music. Market gap: the economic feasibility have highlighted that our competitors are doing well in these area. Industry Trends Studying industry trends is one of the first steps in conducting a market analysis. It will help you recognize opportunity and threats in the industry that may affect your productivity. Consider the following Food Service Industry 2000 Trends, reported by the National Restaurant Association: Consumers will spend a greater portion of their food dollars away from home; Competition in the food service industry will be more intense as growth continues; Major food service chains will increase their shares of both sales and units; Independent operators will be the main source of new restaurant concepts; Nutritional concerns will be critical at all types of food service operations; and Service will become a more important point of differentiation. Industry Tends Checklists: Growth in Industry Sales Quick-service vs. table-service Chain vs. Independent Types of restaurants (steakhouses, ethnic) Catering Deli, bakery and takeout operations Monthly/seasonal dining out patterns Industry sales outlook Market Demand Economic trends Consumer confidence Demographic trends Food away from home trends Factors that motivate one to dine out Eating habits of different market segments Menu Preferences Appetizers/soups Entrees Sandwiches Desserts Nutritional concerns Menu pricing Alcoholic beverage consumption Vegetarian trends Restaurant Success Factors New and popular concepts/themes Customer service innovations Pricing practices Food production methods Labour saving techniques Debt-to-Sales ratios and other statistics Legislative and Regulatory Issues Business meal tax deductibility Health insurance Wage and hour requirements Americans with Disabilities Act Competition:- This is restaurant in the area is very good because in this area almost Indian and mix people living. So restaurant is also provide verity of foods and dices serve. But in our restaurant totally different from other like blue ginger, Panther, Tikka world, Bombay bits etc .these all are our competitors but we provide best services, best food, best drinks so automatically our restaurant beet our restaurant . Competitive Strategy There are three major ways in which we will create an advantage over our competitors; product identity, quality, and novelty high employee motivation and good sales attitude Innovative and aggressive service options The restaurant will be the only restaurant among all the competition which focuses the entire menu on healthy, low-fat cooking. Each of the competitors offers at least one healthy selection on their menu. The target market will perceive the restaurant as the destination location for healthy, low-fat cooking. The main points are Pricing, Location, Reputation, Image/Brand, Choice/Variety, Service and Atmosphere. References www.essortment.com (12th June 2010 ) www.awib.org (12th June 2010 ) www.mplans.com (12th June 2010 ) www.virtualrestaurant.com (12th June 2010 ) http://www.bplans.co.uk/steak_buffet_restaurant_business_plan/financial_plan_fc.cfm (12th June 2010 Part 2 Task 2.1 Resources Materials: Rented property from an individual landlord in west London as a perfect location for the new restaurant to be open, this is critical factor in terms of visibility and easy access of the restaurant for our customers. Equipments: Different kinds of restaurant will require different kinds of equipment. Typically equipment needed to open a restaurant includes a service kitchen (oven, microwave, heat lamps, prep tables and dish washer, fryers, boilers, refrigerators (table, chairs, spoon, glasses and cash registers). Labour: Ten staff normal standard hours (8 hours per day) and contractors the fixed day of work for one month. Finance: Most banks and lenders require you to put some of your own money into the business and contrary to popular belief, they do lend money for businesses. The project financed can be source from long term borrowing from bank in Iceland of  £50,000 to finance the project deliverables. Cost Associated With Resources These are one-off capital cost required immediately to deliver project deliverables. Materials: property rent in west London area will requires a normal rental agreement with the landlord. A deposit of  £15,550 plus one months rent in advance including council tax will be require total  £32,350. Equipments: Kitchen equipment will cost  £10,000, boiler will cost  £2000, till and it maintenance will cost  £12000 and general things e.g. tables, chairs will coat  £8000. Labour: External contractors for refurbishment are expected at  £12,500 this will includes: electrician, refurbishing the restaurant and painting the restaurant. Sources of Finance The project financed can be source from long term borrowing from bank of  £78,350 to finance the project deliverables. They could be approach on the based that this project will recoup its initial investment within four months time; and that revenue generate can be used to pay of principal loan plus interest. Budget for the Project This project has been budgeted on the grounds of Zero based budgeting which involves identification of tasks to be performed and then funding resources to complete the task independent of current resourcing it ensure that resources are efficiently allocated. The project budgets have been made on this bases with each cost justify in terms of their usage in the project: Resources  £ Cost Rent 16,800 Total 16,800 Resources  £ Cost Deposite 15,550 Equipments 32,000 Labour 12,500 Miscellaneous expenses 1,500 Total 61,550 Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis is classically used by governments to assess the attraction of a given interference; it is an analysis of the cost success of different alternative in order to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs. The aim is to gauge the competence of the involvement relative to the status quo. The costs and benefits of the impacts of interference are evaluated in terms of the publics willingness to pay for them (benefits) or willingness to pay to avoid them (costs). Inputs are typically measured in terms of opportunity costs the value in their best alternative use. The guide attitude is to list all of the parties affected by an intervention, and place a monetary value of the outcome it has on their benefit as it would be valued by them. Years 0 1 2 3 Present value 78,350 3,90,180 1,090,860 1,072,163 Probability 50% 50% 50% Certainty equivalent 1,95,090 5,45,430 5,36,082 D.F 9% 1.000 0.880 0.945 0.820 Present value (75,000) 1,71,679 5,15,431 4,39,587 NPV  £10,51,697 The project is viable because it will yields to shareholder wealth conception of about  £2.01 million in three years time. However incorporate rick to the cash flows using certainty equal, and for the fact that current economic climate in terms of expenses will affect all industries, I am certain that the 50% of the cash flows will be generate in each of the years. This is show below: One time investment Budget Overview    Sources of Funds Proposed Loan from Bank  £100,000 Uses of Funds Construction  £65,000 Walk-in Refrigerator  £10,000 Cooler for Beverages  £5,000 Stove oven  £5,000 Deep Fryer  £4,000 Two sinks for Kitchen  £1,000 Microwave  £500 Toaster  £100 Cash Register  £400 Furniture  £7,000 Dinnerware  £1,000 Pots and Pans  £1,000 Plan by Month or Period Most of the restaurants use a scheme of 12-month or 13 four-week periods to way their yearly accounts. By infringement the budget down into these types of sections, it is easier to see when money is moving in and out of the eating place. Anticipate Your Costs In the eating place, budget is often a game of evaluation costs and income. In fact, a budget is much like a profit and loss (PL) account extended over a longer period of time. Be set to account for the following costs in your yearly budget: Rent or mortgage payments Taxes Insurance Labour/payroll Utilities Loan payments Operational supplies Repairs and maintenance Marketing Training Food service professional recommend that you plan to spend about 30 percent of your budget on food, 25 percent on labour, 10 percent on rent or advance, and 3 percent on utilities.1 The rest goes in small part to operational charge, promotion, taxes, continuation and other patchy costs. These are purely sketchy plan to follow, as every restaurants payment and budget are different. Look below for a graphical image of these suggested expenditures: Know Your Breakeven Point The cope point is the volume of sale needed to cover all charge without making a profit. It is the bare least amount amount of sales the restaurant process needs to bring in to survive. It is central to know your restaurant breakeven point so that future monetary decisions can be made in hopes of making a reasonable profit. Analyze Your Financials Every Period Exploratory your PL and your budget on a weekly and monthly basis will help you keep your bases covered in terms of realize your payment and income. Appraise your budget operational payment and your actual expenses, as well as the net profit you expected and what your eating place actually made. Make a note of any areas in which your expenses exceed your budget amount. When budgeting for the year, especially if you are doing so for the first time, it helps to have a budget worksheet. Download a sample budget worksheet to your own back office computer. Cost of Goods Sold The cost of goods sold was strong-minded by taking actual Profit and Loss statement from various eating place concepts and then using our price structure and guest counts to arrive at costs. Management Payroll Figures are based upon the use of five managers per unit at our maximum bonus and salary levels. If we use four managers per restaurant, this will lower our payroll. Fixed and Variable Expenses The various fixed and variable expenses were determined by taking actual numbers from several different restaurant concepts. Marketing Fees These funds will be used for the production of various marketing materials. Advertising These funds will be used, if necessary, to maintain our sales at projected levels. If we are management appreciably ahead of our sales projection, then these funds may not be necessary. Management Fees We will use these pounds for accounting and payroll services of our firm. As we grow in size, this cost burden will shrink per store due to efficiencies in volume. Important Assumptions The financial plan depends on important assumption, most of which are revealed in the following table as annual assumption. The journal assumptions are included in the annotation. Interest rates, tax rates, and personnel burden are based on traditional assumptions. Some of the more important causal assumption is: We assume a strong economy, without a major recession. We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in consumers tastes or interests to make our concept less competitive. Task 2.2 Report TO: Management FROM: Project Manager DATE: 20th May 2009 SUBJECT: Staff Development and Training Cost Introduction This report is concerned staff training and development it related cost associated to this project. The company sales force plays a vital role in delivering better customer services and each member have different training needs depending our their position. The companys their future depends on nurturing great individual talent and providing an environment where staff can flourish personally and professionally. Successful training will help to develop the following skills. Deliver excellent customers Well motivated Increase morale Improved job and staff performance. Recruitment takes place from the point when a business decides that it needs to employ somebody up to the point where a pile of completed application forms has arrived in the post. Selections then involve choosing a suitable applicant through a range of ways of organization out suitable candidates leading to interview and other tests. Training involves providing a range of planned performance that enable an employee to develop the skill, attitudes and knowledge required by the organisation and the work required. A job account is also helpful because it sets out: The job description can be sent out to probable candidate along with a person arrangement, which sets out the pleasing and vital description that someone will need to have to be selected to the post. A variety of media will be used to be a magnet for applications e.g. national newspapers for national jobs, and local papers and media for local posts. Objectives of Training and Development The main objective of staff training and development is to improve the qualities of the trainee, formulation of objectives for different needs and ways to achieve it. The training objective is very important because it determine the calculated and content of the training programme. Contents of the training stay put the same no matter the type of training occupied. It is to increase personnel efficiency, professional growth and smooth and more useful organizations operations. Methods of Training and Development On the job training/coaching: This relates to formal training on the job. A worker becomes experienced on the job over time due to modification of job behaviours at the point of training or acquisition of skills. Induction/orientation: This is carried out for new entrants on the job to make them familiar with the total corporate requirements like norms, ethics, values, rules and regulations. Apprenticeship: A method of training where an unskilled person understudies a skilled person. Demonstration: Teaching by example, whereby the skilled worker performs the job and the unskilled closely observes so as to understand the job. Vestibule: This is done through engineering part for the purpose of skills and technology transfer. It is therefore achieve through residency of an individual within anothe

International Free Trade and World Peace Essay -- Politics Political S

International Free Trade and World Peace When analyzing trade’s effect on state behavior, it is not the mere existence of trade between countries that should be central, rather, the nature of trade that is crucial. This distinction will be explored by studying the arguments of key economic and political thinkers of both the 18th and 20th centuries. The general nature of trade, the role of national government regarding trade and security, trade's capacity to befriend belligerent nations, and finally, the influence of international economic institutions will be explored. In an attempt to present a fairly broad range of sources, this study features the ideas of four influential authors from two time periods and continents: from the 18th Century, Adam Smith and Alexander Hamilton, and from the 20th Century, John Maynard Keynes and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. My thesis is that the four authors examined actually agreed with one another on the connection between free trade and peace, despite the discordant resonance of their arguments. Due to the nature of trade in Hamilton and Smith's time, their assertions that trade had ambiguous, if not adverse effects on state behavior is equivalent to Hull's statement that trade under the auspices of international organizations ensured peace. Almost all trade, up until the foundation of post-W.W.II international economic bodies, was practiced in an opaque, unfair, and mercantilist manner. Both Keynes and Hull, who argue that trade is pacific, lived in a rapidly liberalizing environment where international organizations were gaining legitimacy and influence. Thus, the conclusion of all four authors can be modified to state that trade is pacific only when it is conducted in an open, fre... ...The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. New York: Macmillan. Keynes, John Maynard. 1919. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. London: Macmillan. ________. 1922. A Revision of the Treaty. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. ______. In: Moggridge, Donald. ed. 1980. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Activities 1941-1946. London: Macmillan. Kramnick, Isaac. ed. 1987. The Federalist Papers. London: Penguin Books. [1788] Moggridge, Donald. ed. 1980. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Activities 1941-1946. London: Macmillan. Raphael, D.D. 1985. Adam Smith. London: Oxford University Press. Smith, Adam. 1766. "Lectures on Jurisprudence." Cited in: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. ________. 1981. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. [1776]