Slaughterhouse-Five and Beloved

The modern human attitude is largely framed by the philosophy of science, in America. According to this philosophy the world is governed by the fixed laws of physics, through which humans find intellectual enlightenment. In this world of science, knowledge is power, and this power renders humans more able to shape their destiny. The American ideal of the self-made individual, (although usually vouched in the terms of religion), is structured upon this science based premise. But a contradiction lies at the heart of this blending of scientific philosophy and individual identity.It is that a physically and scientifically determined universe does not allow for free will. The modern headlong march towards scientific utopia thus carries grave peril because a philosophy that denies the inexorable human desire for free will ultimately is not self-sustaining. It is as if people are surrendering to destiny at the price of believing that the will is empowered by science. It recalls Franklin Roo sevelt’s memorable comment that â€Å"freedom cannot be bestowed; it must be achieved† (qtd. in Singh 143). This crucial issue is dealt with by Kurt Vonnegut in his novel Slaughterhouse-Five.Although many readers view Vonnegut’s novel as advocating fatalism, the opposite is true. Billy Pilgrim, the novel’s protagonist, clearly advocates that humans must overcome fatalism in order to restore free will and sustain forward movement. Toni Morrison, in her novel Beloved, suggests that humans also should overcome the fixity of time. To move forward, both Sethe and Paul D must learn to redefine themselves by psychologically releasing themselves from the physical chains of their previous slavery. The central message of both authors is that there is no looking back. A vigorous free will must always look forward.Sociological and psychological factors may be challenges, but they are not impediments to the free will. The only such barriers are those that exist within humans. The crucial factor is the orientation of people’s vision. Both texts stress the importance of escaping the grip of the past by focusing on the future, and thus are aimed at nourishing hope. The guiding motif in this analysis is thus time. The novels can also be read as reminders of the American ideal, and what it means to be a successful American in the modern era. The American outlook has always resisted historicity.Its orientation is to leave the old world behind and focus on the forging of the new. But modern Americans are surrendering to historicity once more, and thereby squandering their freedom. By chasing synthetic and materialistic dreams (which is merely slavery to past success), we lose our moral orientation, and this is a failure of the American ideal. If we hope to recover from this decadence we must re-establish our freedom, which should be in the spirit of Emerson’s â€Å"nonconformism†. The novel Slaughterhouse-Five is intensely personal to Kurt Vonnegut, though Billy Pilgrim is not necessarily the alter ego of the author.He draws on his experience of having fought in the Second World War, been taken prisoner, and surviving the blanket firebombing of Dresden. He survived by being trapped as a prisoner-of-war in an underground locker of a slaughterhouse, and emerged a few days later to apprehend the charred desolation. In the novel, Billy Pilgrim goes through the same experience which turns out to be the defining moment of his existence. He has become â€Å"unstuck in time† through his experience of this event, meaning that the flow of time does not effect him anymore, and that he can shift at will from one moment in time to another.He experiences only episodes, in random order, and over and over again, but they always refer back to the Dresden massacre. He does not realize what is happening until much later, when he is abducted by alien creatures known as the Tralfamadorians. They reveal to him that free wil l is only an illusion, and because they exist in four dimensions – the fourth dimension being time – they observe past, present and future simultaneously, and the entire life as a unified whole. Time itself is indestructible, and, therefore, one lives one’s life over and over again.One only has free will to the extent that one chooses to concentrate on the better moments in life. This is the way Tralfamadorian literature is written, as one of his captors reveals to him, â€Å"There isn’t any particular relationship between the messages, except that the author has chosen them carefully, so that, when seen all at once, they produce an image of life that is beautiful and surprising and deep. There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects.What we love in our books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time (Vonnegut 88). † After this encounter, Billy is confirmed in his fatalism, and he is desc ribed as living the episodes of his life over and over again. Before his violent end in the year 1976, he reveals to the world the secret about the nature of time which he has learned from the Tralfamadorian. He does so with calm and collected purpose, because he knows beforehand that his message will be accepted.He even avoids bearing a grudge towards his own murderer, knowing that it is all fated, and that death itself is of no consequence. The vital clue that the novel as taking place frozen time is found in Vonnegut’s introduction, in which he says, â€Å"This is a novel somewhat in the telegraphic schizophrenic manner of tales of the planet Tralfamadore, where the flying saucers come from† (Ibid, title page). The tales told on that distant planet take place in static time, and by pointing out this similarity the author is acknowledging the existence of dynamic time, which the Trafalmadorians deny.Regarding this weird theory, there is ample evidence that what is to ld about the aliens is nothing more than a figment of Billy’s imagination, and that much of the novel is from the point of view of a severely disturbed mind. It is his own fixity in time which he tries to rationalize with his tales of the aliens. The description of the aliens as upside down toilet plungers is laughable, and this is a clue from the author that we are not supposed to believe in them and their outlandish concept of time.Even though Billy is portrayed as a weakling, readers should not judge his fatalism as abnormal, or his ideas about time as merely the products of an unsettled imagination. Vonnegut is passing judgment on the ethos of the human age, and readers know this because the world accepts Billy’s revelations in the end, also, because the narrative is rooted in the Second World War. This is the event that finally shatters the notion of â€Å"progress† as in the eighteenth century Enlightenment.The consequence of the two world wars is the para lysis of cultural will, and this is captured through Billy’s fantastic notion of time, also rooted in the Second World War. Billy’s particular circumstance, allied with his curious nature, allows him to come to vital understanding that he lives in an age of stagnancy. But even though the novel is mainly concerned with depicting the human age, there are also enough clues that point to the way out of this nightmare. For example, Vonnegut, in his own character in the novel, talks about its composition to his publisher in Chapter 1, and says, â€Å"People aren’t supposed to look back.I’m certainly not going to do it anymore. I’ve finished my war book now. The next one I write is going to be fun. This one is a failure, and had to be, since it was written by a pillar of salt (28). † Whatever deep secrets it conveys, the novel is declared to be a failure, and Vonnegut admits that he too is subject to frozen time in writing such a novel, describing himself as â€Å"a pillar of salt†. The reference in to Lot’s wife, who is described in Genesis as turning into a pillar of salt because she chose to look back with attachment to the incinerating city of Sodom. Looking back is made to be the most fatal destroyer of the will.So he promises he will not do it again, and his subsequent novels will be situated in dynamic time. For Vonnegut, hope resides in leaving the past behind. Toni Morrison delivers the same message in a very different context. Slavery is an integral part of the birth of the American nation. It is now universally admitted to have been a cruel institution. But, as E H Carr puts it, history is only â€Å"the key to the understanding of the present† (14). It is very difficult for us to empathize with the motivations of the slave-owners, and any effort in this direction is bound to be controversial.But in her novel Beloved, Morrison is not intent on giving the reader further history, or even a commen tary of history. The advocacy is clear, that humans should leave history behind. Sethe is a former slave, now living out her freedom with her teenage daughter Denver, and recently having admitted another former slave Paul D as her partner. She is trying to suppress her horrific past, but the arrival of Paul D brings it back to her. Once, when fleeing from her sadistic owner, she had murdered her 2 year old daughter, thinking that capture was inevitable, and she did not want her children to suffer slavery.Soon after the arrival of Paul D, the embodied spirit of her murdered daughter appears, calling herself Beloved. Her appearance brings new life into all that come in contact with her, because she infuses tension into their lives, by which they must react. She becomes a demanding presence in the household, and Sethe finds herself at her beck and call. The shy and retiring Denver find herself forced out of the household and in the process acquires maturity. Even Paul D learns to open up his â€Å"rusted tin tobacco box† of a heart in her presence. In the end she disappears just as suddenly, and all the tensions are at once relieved.But she has touched lives in such a way that in her aftermath they are all restored to life and hope. Beloved clearly represents a horrible past, and one which must be dealt with finally. Even traces of the tale itself must not be left behind, and so the novel ends, â€Å"This is not a story to pass on† (Morrison 324). The past must be completely extinguished, and once this has been done, there is the possibility of shaping one’s destiny through the exercise of free will. These novels by Vonnegut and Morrison raise the issue of what it means to be successful in America today.Traditionally, historicity had been part of the old world, and that which the new world tries to leave behind. But these novels suggest that historicity has certainly caught up with modern America, and is the root to modern decadence. But to r eview the exhortations of the greatest Americans of the past is only to confirm that the nation was established on the basis of freedom, and freedom necessarily entails the letting go of the past. In the early period of the Puritan fathers the message use to be couched in terms of religion, and which we may detect in the sermons of Jonathan Edwards.In his speech â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† there is no reference to anything in the past. It is entirely aimed at striking terror in the heart of the sinners, by evoking the visions of the hell that awaits them, laced with such warnings as: â€Å"There is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any moment, out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God† (Edwards 90). Edwards relies on the immediacy of his message, and thereby strikes a particularly American note. The calm transcendentalism of Ralph Waldo Emerson may seem to be at a polar opposite, yet projects the same obligation to freedom.In his essay â€Å"Natureâ₠¬  he says, â€Å"Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchers of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, and criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes† (Emerson 181). Writing in the middle of the 19th century, he warns that the true American spirit of freedom is being quickly eroded, and will not be recovered until we relearn how to apprehend nature with immediacy. â€Å"Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist,† he says in his essay â€Å"Self Reliance† (Ibid 269).Any sort of conformity is compromising to the freedom, and therefore is a betrayal of the American ethos. Mark Twain conveys the same message in his classic children’s adventure story Huckleberry Finn. Set in the context of slavery and emancipation, it is more truly about the slavery of the whites than that of the blacks. Huck is fleeing from his drunken father, but he also becomes wary of the pious and benevolent reach o f society that tries to civilize him. He sets himself up on a floating raft, with an escaped slave, and only here he feels free and himself: â€Å"[T]here warn’t no home like a raft, after all.Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don’t. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft† (Twain123). Huck’s suspicion towards society and civilization is the central point of the novel, and this makes him a true American. Vonnegut and Morrison would say that modern American is a betrayal of the founding spirit of the nation, where conformity to a media constructed reality in the norm. It is a historicity of a different sort which America enslaves itself to. It is as if history is rewritten by Hollywood, and such false history tends to become the worldview of the average American.The media projects crass materialism in every aspect, where fame is the highest criterion for judging worth. So, Americans not only follow the dress code o f celebrity film stars, they also follow the history and sociology of celebrity historians and sociologists. This in conformity of the most enslaving form, and represents a total loss of freedom. The judgment must be that, without the recovery of the Emersonian spirit of nonconformism there is no way out of this predicament. Americans must strive once again to succeed as human beings, and must stop chasing the fame and fortune of film stars. The crucial necessity is to recover free will.Both Vonnegut and Morrison bring the message that the barriers to the exercise of free will lie not in external conditions, but within each human being. If people believe that they lie with social, psychological or emotional factors, then they subscribe to the thinking of the Enlightenment, which believed that a scientific approach to understanding external conditions will result in their gradual removal, and generally in the direction of utopia. Vonnegut intends to explode this myth, and tells reade rs that such determinism renders the free will paralyzed, and he depicts the modern world as having met this unacceptable end.Like Morrison does in her novel Beloved, Vonnegut advocates that humans must overcome the past if they hope to exercise control over their future. Morrison’s specific concern is the fixity of Black America in the past of slavery, but she is in fact addressing a wider malaise in America as a whole. The common message is that slavery to the past is destructive to the free will, and therefore disastrous to the American ideal. Works Cited Carr, E. H. What is History? New York: Penguin Books, 1967. Edwards, Jonathan. A Jonathan Edwards Reader. Eds.John Edwin Smith, Harry S. Stout. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Eds. William H. Gilman, Charles Johnson. New York: Signet Classic, 2003. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Vintage International, 2004. Singh, M. P. Quote Unquote. Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 2007. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Signet Classic, 2002. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-five, Or, the Children's Crusade: A Duty-dance With Death. New York: Dell, 1969.

Development of the Welfare State

What factors have led to the development of the British welfare state? The British welfare state has an impact on our lives on a daily basis and has been transformed since its initial developments in the early 19th century. I will be exploring the social, economic and political factors that led to the development of the British welfare state up to 1945, and I will assess the most dominate features at the time and those that are still prevalent within the current welfare system today. The historical origins of the British welfare state can be dated to Elizabethan times with the introduction of the Poor Law (1601) which dealt with welfare at a local level. This was the first instance where the government attempted to ensure that the poor had the means to live. This continued until the impacts of the Industrial Revolution called for changes in the provision for the poor. From the late 18th century British society was being transformed through economic and industrial growth. There was a revolution in the use of land in the production of raw goods, and technological advances in the use of machinery and the manufacture of goods. The state allowed markets to operate freely without regulation. There was also a mass migration of people moving from towns to the cities seeking employment. Many of these people were dependent on employment within the factories and on the assembly lines. Although there were many benefits from industrialisation on the economic front, urbanisation created a large concentration of people in many areas, his lead to major problems with health and housing. In addition, when jobs were no longer available, men were unable to support their families. The family unit was often broken with most fathers travelling many miles to their place of work. Many women and children were also forced to find employment as a result of being widowed and orphaned. Poverty, unemployment along with many other social issues became a recognised problem within the new urban communities. In line with these economical and social changes there were also changes taking place within the political sphere. The growth of political democracy and ‘the centralisation of governmental powers’ (Pierson. C 2006, p16) led to more competition between the British liberal and conservative political parties in of the time. It could therefore be suggested that political forces helped to shape the welfare state. It can be argued that developments in state welfare were a direct response to some of the problems generated by the changing nature for society through industrialisation and the social risks related to this. The Poor Law amendments (1834) meant that only those who were really in need, for example the poorest paid workers would receive support. These reforms differentiated between the ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ poor. Individuals were expected to ‘submit to degrading and shameful procedures to receive any benefit.. thus only the completely destitute, would be prepared to come forward for help’(Blakemore. K 2003, p42). The workhouse was introduced to force people to work in order to receive their benefits. This transformed public attitudes to towards poverty, whereby being poor and dependant of benefits became shameful and those receiving support were increasingly stigmatized. Other laws were also passed such as the Factory Act (1883) which aimed to reform the working conditions of factory workers by ‘legally enforcing a ten-hour day and rules governing the employment of children’(Alcock. C 2006,p19). This Act especially focused on women and children, and also enforced health and safety regulations, in addition, employers had to comply with educational classes for employees during the working day. At this point, it is evident that although state involvement was limited because of the dominant liberal principals of the time. Yet, there were the beginnings of a new beauracratic approach in state intervention. The Boer Wars (1880-1881,1899-1902) were fought between Britain and Holland as part of Britain’s empire building mission. The economic and human cost was evident following the two wars. Britain was faced with a country that needed rebuilding and a population that needed comfort and confidence from their leaders. The wars also highlighted the extent of poverty and poor health within the unskilled labour classes which showed that there was a strong need for welfare reform. Following these wars, David Lloyd George and his Liberal Party enacted the National Insurance Act 1911 setting up a national insurance contribution for unemployment and health benefits such as sick pay and maternity pay. The government introduced limited unemployment benefits, with old age pensions, and job centres available to help people find jobs, paid for by national insurance contributions and income taxes. Although this scheme was limited, it offered greater social welfare provision than the previous Poor Laws. However, benefits were subject to a contribution basis, and those benefits would run out once the contributions were used. ‘The scheme was not designed to provide widespread relief in a period of mass unemployment’ (Hill. M 2006,p24). Although this act appeared to have some benefits, there were also many issues, and the majority of people were not able to could not cope financially without being able to work. Most of these policies remained in place throughout the first world war (1913-1918) and the Great Depression. However, during World War I, Britain experienced conscription for the first time and this lead to changes within the workforce as many women took up employment in a range of roles to support the war effort ‘the beneficial effects of regular employment, longer hours and rising wages was offset by rapidly rising prices of essential goods’ (Thane. P 1996,p120). It can be suggested here that the effects of the wars called for immediate changes in the welfare state especially in relation to unemployment, health, housing and disability benefits. The Labour Government of 1945, were determined to eliminate poverty, ill health, and social deprivation. Their social and economic policies were driven by the party’s own ideals and long-term objectives. William Beveridge was a government adviser to Winston Churchill. He filled his report and made recommendations about reforms to the provision of welfare. Beverigde based the principles of his report by seeking to ‘establish a unified universal social insurance social system’ (Thane. P 1996, p 232). This led to the introduction of many social security schemes including the National Insurance Act 1946 and the National Assistance Act 1948, which dealt with sickness and unemployment benefits and retirement pensions. These acts and reforms formed the basis for the welfare state that has been accomplished over time. From the early 18th century, there was a mixture of factors that lead to the development of the welfare state in Britain. These reforms and developments in welfare provision were a direct response to economic, political and social changes taking place at the time. Welfare reform persists to change today within its current framework, and continues to respond to these factors which are often interlinked and constantly shifting. References Blakemore,K. (2003) Social Policy: An Introduction (Open University Press) Burnett,J. 1994) Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment 1790-1990 (Routledge) Hill,M. (2000) Understanding Social Policy (Blackwell) Fraser,D. (1984) The Evolution of the British Welfare State: A History of Social Policy Since the Industrial Revolution (MacMillan) Goodin, R. E. , & Mitchell, D. (2000). The Foundations of the Welfare State, Part I, London: Edward Elgar Publish ers Pierson,C. (1998) Beyond the Welfare State: The New Political Economy of Welfare (Polity Press) Pierson,P. (2001). The New Politics of the Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thane, (1982) The Foundations of the Welfare State in Britain 1945-1960 (Longman)

Rene Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rene Descartes - Essay Example "I think, hence I am, [this is] so certain and of such evidence that no ground of doubt, however extravagant, could be alleged by the skeptics capable of shaking it, [therefore] I concluded that I might, without scruple, accept it as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search." (Descartes, 1989, p30) This is fair enough from a depth psychological perspective. Although psychic energy (particularly archetypal energy) is more usually regarded as Jungian Depth Psychology's starting point due to psychic energy being primordial and universal. It is the view of Jungians that it took millenia's of human psychological evolution to produce humans like Descartes who are capable of such great attentitive, focused, reflective thought. Nevertheless, for Descartes, he was primarily focused on this own individual self, and for that reason his starting point is accepted here. "Thus what I thought I had seen with my eyes, I actually grasped solely with the faculty of judgment, which is in my mind." (Descartes) We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millenia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of living was to 'think'. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For... Rene Descartes was a major philosopher of the seventeenth century, belonging to the school of continental rationalism. Descartes sets out in his Discourse on Method to doubt all that could be doubted, albeit not to end up believing in nothing, but rather so that he would believe in only that which really was true. We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type†¦ directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millennia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of l iving was to ‘think’. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For Descartes, this thinking must be free from passion and prejudice if it is to be healthy†¦ and if it is to â€Å"operate with perfect rational clarity and thereby attain certain knowledge†. Descartes (as good as) perfects ‘directed thinking’ appropriate to his ‘pre-Freud’ and ‘pre Jung’ time and place.

Project Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Project Finance - Assignment Example Unlike project finance which is considered a non-recourse option, the conventional source of funding for long term investments greatly depended on cash flows. Primarily, the classic lending principally depended on the credit rating of the borrower, since the company assets were used as security for the lending. However, due to the size of the project finance operation, the balance sheets of the participating company may be overshadowed, considering the possible lack of credit history by the special purpose vehicle that acts as the borrowing entity. Additionally, project financing has increasingly been used to fund investments as a non-recourse alternative because for an individual project, the debtor’s liabilities will not be remedied using the project sponsor’s assets. Instead of relying on the creditworthiness of the project sponsor, credit assessment is based on the expected cash flows of the project. The project sponsor is therefore relieved from any interest paymen ts or liability associated with servicing of the project. Similarly, a limited recourse in project financing implies that certain responsibilities and obligations of the project sponsor are incapacitated. ... Although the US corporations recorded a lower use of project finance compared to the foreign counterparts, the $34 billion investment in 2004 surpassed the $25 billion that was invested in new businesses by venture capitalists, and was half the $73 billion raised by stock listed companies via IPOs. From the study, project financed corporation investments were only 19% of the US corporations while 53% of international firms were project financed. Therefore, project finance has a 50% chance, and growing, over traditional corporate finance. The major short-comings of project finance First, the numerous participants involved in project financing have each a specific interest in mind. The complexity of the transactions results in conflicts of interest during risk diversification; lengthy negotiations and escalating costs for compensating parties that have accepted risks. Secondly, higher prices result because of the limited channels of enhancing credit risk to acceptable levels by banks. Consequently, increases in costs for due diligence services by consultants, engineers and lawyers are impacted by the increases in cost of credit. Thirdly, the complexity of the transaction structure and the lengthy documentation causes an increase in the interest on project financings channeled to a project sponsor compared to direct loans of equal magnitude. These costs accrue from the time spent during the evaluation of the project and documentation by the technical experts, lenders and lawyers employed by the project sponsor; cost of insurance cover against country risk; costs of employing technical professionals to oversee the project and adherence to the financing agreement; and costs of compensating lenders and third parties for accepting risk. The fourth disadvantage of project

Money laundering in HongKong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money laundering in HongKong - Essay Example Arrangement is the store of funds in financial organizations or the transformation of money into a negotiable tool. Layering includes the wire exchange of funds through a progression of accounts through the monetary framework in attempt to conceal the genuine sources of the fund. Integration is the step to mix legitimate acquired criminal proceeds into a legitimate world. Legally, money laundering refers only to the proceeds of specific crimes, the list of which varies across countries but which has gradually been extended in most parts of the world to all crimes capable of being sentenced to a year or more imprisonment (Levi 533) Since the end of the cold world war, much attention and resource of western countries have shifted to protect domestic security by attacking drug connected and organized crimes. Targeting criminal finance was regarded as an innovative initiative and strategy to achieve better anti-crime effects. Uncovering, tracing, freezing and confiscating criminal proceeds have been focused, which require the criminal justice system to criminalize and combat criminals managing their finance process, which is known as money laundering. The first time that the emergence of money laundering addressed was in the U.S in the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970, which demanded that insured depository institutions maintain records and report transactions. The aim was to prevent banks from being used to hide money derived from criminal activity and tax evasion. A few days after the events of 2001 September 11, a war against terrorist has been in effect on different fronts including a direct ambush on money launderin g. In his speech of 13 days after the attack, President Bush indicated his determination to prosecute money launderers, especially those connected to terrorist funds and those who do not report their suspicions of laundering to the police. A clear message was sent to banks and different monetary establishments that

The Global Service Sector Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Global Service Sector Enterprises - Essay Example There was rapid agricultural and industrial development which was facilitated by the rich reserve of natural resources in the country. In the past few decades, Australia has established itself as an advanced economy and a strong competitor in the international market for goods and services. In the last century, Australia has been named one of the fastest developing economies among the OECD countries. The economic reforms made in the country during the 1980s are a major reason behind such brilliant performance by the economy. It ranks high in the international standards in the indices measuring human development, life expectancy, public literacy level and preservation of fundamental rights of the people. Australia has a non-permanent membership in the United Nations for the year 2013-2014 and is a member of the World Trade Organization since 1995 (Security Council Report, 2012). PESTLE Analysis Several factors originate and exist in the macro scenario of an economy that affects the op erations of the business organizations of the economy. Changes in tax structures, trade barriers, change in government policy, demographic changes and a multitude of new laws implemented as a result of all these changes form parts of the macro-environmental change (Morrison, 2011). We shall use the PESTEL model to analyse these changes in the context of Australia and determine the factors that act as drivers of small and medium enterprises within the country. POLITICAL FACTORS Political factors relates to the extent to which the government interferes into the matters of the economy. The government of Australia is also known as â€Å"the Commonwealth Government† or â€Å"the federal government† (Australia, n.d.). The government body has three divisions; the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The constitution makes no reference to any political party so as to allow the legislature to operate smoothly. Although government policies are a very practical method of affecting business practices directly, they are not always appropriate or effective (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). Government intervention The Australian Government launches programs from time to time which are aimed at improving the environment for SMEs, promoting their growth and increasing employment levels (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). It provides grants to the enterprises for developing employee skill and provides support in project planning. It provides advisory support to entrepreneurs for the starting of home-based business and expanding them. However, there are several government policies and regulations which are acting as barriers to business development of the SMEs. The government is taking steps to reduce such regulations and encouraging local governments to help small firms in reducing compliance costs (The Allen Consulting Group, 2008). Consumer protection Rights of the consumers in Australia are protected with utmost sincerity. There is a single consumer law applicable for the entire nation. â€Å"The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission† (Australian government, n.d.) formed in 1995 has the responsibility to look after trade practices, prices and overall consumer benefit. The provision of consumer security makes Australia a safe ground for business activities

Family Bereavement Experiences after Sudden Cardiac Death Essay

Family Bereavement Experiences after Sudden Cardiac Death - Essay Example CASP tool provides a series of questions whose answers require critical scrutiny of the article without biases. In this piece of critique writing, CASP will be applied in the quest to analyze the family bereavement due to SCD. Also, this being the first piece of critique writing; the tools provide better foundation and understanding of what is entailed in a critique essay (CRITICAL APPRAISAL SKILLS PROGRAMME 2011). The article of analysis is titled ‘Family bereavement after Sudden Cardiac Death’ written by Mayer. It is an article about a qualitative research to understand the predicaments faced by families that are victims of SCD. It was written on 28 July 2012 and later revised on 17 may 2013. Several outcomes were found pointing out the hardships faced by these families. The article came from Elsevier website. In this article, the CASP tool will be utilized to scrutinize an article about family bereavement and SCD. It is a qualitative research. Qualitative research is a form of research designed to help generate an explanation for a certain behavior among a group of people and if possible state the stimulus causing the various behaviors (Denzin and Lincoln 2005). Qualitative research is applied in many disciplines due to the many advantages that come with the technique. The goal or rather the main objective of the research is to illustrate the bereavement of family members after the departure of a dear one due to sudden cardiac death. Death of a family member brings about the distortion of the stability of several aspects in the family. The gap left by the departed person affects the family members in different ways that the author of the article has classified into themes. Five themes formulated by the researcher provided guidance to the search of the specific things to look for in the bereaved families.  

IT Protect against Viruses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Protect against Viruses - Essay Example When I think of how a virus gets around on the web, I cannot help but think of the whooping cough or measles. Many years ago there were vaccines discovered that prevented these two illnesses. Children before that were very ill when they got these diseases. Many of them died. After the vaccine was discovered and children were inoculated, both diseases virtually went away. However, later on parents decided not to get these vaccines because they did not trust them and both diseases began to come back and then were spread to others one at a time in daycares. That is the way a virus gets around in a computer group also. Not too long ago, as an example, a friend who takes care of a computer system in a hospital noticed a virus warning that kept moving around. Eventually it was everywhere. It was nearly impossible to get rid of. It got in through a computer that someone forgot to load the virus software on and that nurse had been out on the web. It was a very expensive mistake. The connection between a company's computer and home users is the same as my touching your hand and you passing me a virus. If you had flu shot and not got the virus, you would not have passed it to me. Virus software, of course, affects network security but so does malware (infoworld.com). Many IT specialists say that these are now worse than the Trojans were and are. Malware sends in search mechanisms that get deep into the computer information and pull out personal things like all your employees security information or the company's security information. These are set up, not by hackers but by people that are out there to make a profit on your information and it only takes visiting the web at the wrong site or downloading the wrong file. This is truly dangerous to your organization and to any of your employees that may be working from their own PC's at home. In today's world, we are all touched by computers and like keeping personal and important information that is in paper form secure, so is it important to keep information secure on the computer. We all take a huge responsibility in being connected. We can pass malware or a virus on to anyone if we are not protected ourselves and that includes things like banks and utility companies as well as our own corporations. Who has not sent an email in to work at some time. When that happens a virus or malware could easily be passed on. Many people cannot afford the latest in antivirus software, especially when things are constantly changing (cnet.com). Many of the companies now provide continuous updates but there is always a time when you come to the end of those and have to pay. Providing free antiviral software that really works and is consistently updated could eradicate viruses just like the measles were stopped. If the virus cannot be transferred to someone else or in this case someone else's computer, it will die. This is a very good reason for absolutely everyone with a computer to have an antiviral program that works. It protects us all so the expense is nothing compared to have a computer or a corporation full of computers go down. People make more money online right now than has ever happened before. There are more wealthy people in the world and in the United States than ever before (bbc.co). Much of that wealth has been generated due to an online business. That wealth could disappear in a moment with the right virus and there are many out there trying to create it.

Define the concepts of altruism Essay Example for Free

Define the concepts of altruism Essay Altruism is defined as a selfless concern or act for the welfare and good of others.   An altruistic person is not motivated to do good because of reward or duty.   A purely altruistic person gives without thought to benefits, reward or recognition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy in the general sense is an individuals capacity to make rational decisions without coercion from any quarter.   In the moral sense, autonomy is the basis of a persons moral responsibility for his actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity refers to a persons state of integrity, righteousness and virtue.    In another perspective, human dignity means the intrinsic right of people to be accorded unconditional respect without regard for his gender, race, status, and political inclinations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integrity is a concept that refers to a persons consistency in doing things and in his principles. People with integrity behave in accordance with their beliefs and value system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice is an application, rather than administration, of justice in every part of society.   When there is social justice, every member of society is fairly and equitably treated and receives his fair share of societal benefits. Describe how each value impacts the practice of a professional nurse. A professional nurse should have an intrinsic need to help without thought for reward.   By applying altruism to the practice, the nurse becomes a better care giver who truly cares for the well-being of the patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy impacts the professional nurse in the sense that he is responsible for the life of his patients.   He has to be alert and careful in performing his tasks because it is his moral obligation to make sure the patients life is not endangered because of errors.   The nurse must be competent in assessing and performing patient care using knowledge and professional expertise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity affects a professional nurse since he has to respect his patients no matter who he is.   In other words, the nurse cannot discriminate against any patient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the nursing profession, a nurse with integrity acts and performs his duties in accordance to standards and ethics and he does not falter in his duties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice requires the professional nurse to do his service to every member of society.   In the same manner, the nurse is required to treat all of his patients fairly and equitably as members of community. Discuss how student demonstrates values listed above.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A student must study nursing not because of the perceived financial rewards or job security in the future.   He must study nursing because it his greatest desire to do good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Autonomy is shown by a student when he shows responsibility for his studies.   He does not let his peers pressure him into doing activities that are not considered moral and legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human dignity is demonstrated by a student when he shows respect for all of his classmates, teachers, and other people he comes in contact with.   He does not entertain thoughts of being socially better or inferior to anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A student of integrity does his coursework consistently and responsibly.   He does not cut classes and does not perform half-heartedly in class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social justice is applicable to a student by not hindering other students to have the privilege of education.   This could mean, refraining from bullying acts and other acts of aggression towards other students. References Morgan, S.H. (2007, September 27).   The Forces of Magnetism: Core Characteristics to Achieve   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Magnet Recognition.   Medscape Online.   Retrieved September 26, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/562944?src=rss Nermin, E., Altun, I. (1998).   Professional and Personal Values of Nursing in Turkey.   Eubios   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, 8, 72-75. National University.   (2008).   Professional Nursing Values.   Retrieved September 26, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.nu.edu/LIBRARY/Reserve/nsg310.html

Education - Africa Essay Example for Free

Education Africa Essay Introduction In this essay I will discuss all the situational factors that formed the basis of the reforms during the era of education reform from 1976-1994 in South Africa. The essay will critically discuss factors in detail regarding pre 1994 education. I will then give a conclusion on all the factors that influenced the educational reforms. The Soweto uprising in 1979 In 1979 there was a huge riot against the education act. The riot was about creating equal learning opportunities for everybody, black and coloured people rioted in the streets of Johannesburg because they were tired of being oppressed. While this was going on teachers lost the will to teach and learners lost the will to learn. Erosion of the culture of learning and teaching (C. O. L. T) Schools were closed, destroyed and sometimes even burnt down because of the inequalities of learning during this era. This made it very hard for students of â€Å"colour† to learn. Thus putting education for people of â€Å"colour† in a deep crisis. Students were upset with three major issues: the standard of education, the quality of teaching and finally the poor state of school buildings and equipment. These three issues made students not want to attend school and was a main cause to the Soweto uprising in 1976. The De Lange commission The De Lange commission was introduced in order to create a better education system, for example creating equal education opportunities for everybody. These were some of their suggestions: education must improve quality of life, must promote economic growth and education should be equal and available to every student regardless of their colour. The De Lange commission was considered by the HSRC and eleven points from the commission were put into place. The 1994 democratic elections In 1994 the first democratic elections took place, this is the first time that everybody was seen as equal, with equal rights and learning opportunities. People were also given the freedom to pick which languages they wanted to learn in, as well as have a choice on subjects they learnt. People were also given freedom of choice in other areas not only education and some of these choices are: freedom to vote, freedom to live where they want, freedom to marry between races and International sanctions, against South Africa, in sport and economics were lifted. Differences in schooling between the four different race groups Along almost any dimension of comparison, there have been, and are glaring inequalities between the four schooling systems in South Africa. This applies to teacher qualifications, teacher-pupil ratios, per capita funding, buildings, equipment, facilities, books, stationery and also to ‘results’ measured in terms of the proportions and levels of certificates awarded. Along these dimensions, â€Å"White’ schools are far better off than any of the others, and ‘Indian’ and ‘Coloured’ schools are better off than those for ‘Africans’. Schooling is compulsory for ‘Whites’, ‘Indians’ and ‘Coloureds’ but not for ‘Africans’. Which created unequal opportunities when it came to job opportunities. Curriculum during the apartheid era Curriculum development in South African education during the period of apartheid was controlled tightly from the centre. While theoretically, at least, each separate department had its own curriculum development and protocols, in reality curriculum formation in South Africa was dominated by committees attached to the white House of Assembly. So prescriptive was this system, controlled on the one hand by a network of inspectors and subject advisors and on the other hand by several generations of poorly qualified teachers, that had authority, controlled learning, and corporal punishment were the rule. These conditions were exacerbated in the impoverished environments of schools for children of colour. Examination criteria and procedures were instrumental in promoting the political perspectives of those in power and allowed teachers very little latitude to determine standards or to interpret the work of their students. The Bantu education act  The Bantu Education Act (No. 47) of 1953 widened the gaps in educational opportunities for different racial groups. The concept of racial purity, in particular, provided a rationalization for keeping black education inferior. Verwoerd, then minister of native affairs, said black Africans should be educated for their opportunities in life, and that there was no place for them above the level of certain forms of labour. The government also tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid, forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely. Christian national education(C. N. E) Christian National Education supported the NP program of apartheid by calling on educators to reinforce cultural diversity and to rely on mother-tongue instruction in the first years of primary school. This philosophy also exposed the idea that a persons social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that persons ethnic identity. The government also gave strong management control to the school boards, who were elected by the parents in each district. Official attitudes toward African education were paternalistic, based on segregation. Black education was not supposed to drain government resources away from white education. The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s, but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs. Per-capita government spending on black education slipped to one-tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s. Black schools had inferior facilities, teachers, and textbooks. Conclusion In conclusion to the above essay there were many problems such as; Christian national education(C.N. E), The Bantu education act, Curriculum during the apartheid era, Differences in schooling between the four different race groups, The 1994 democratic elections, The De Lange commission, Erosion of the culture of learning and teaching (C. O. L. T)and The Soweto uprising in 1979. In all these situational factors that formed the basis of the reforms during the era of education reform from 1976-1994 in South Africa, the 1994 democratic elections were put in place so that everyone had equal opportunity at everything; it was the main â€Å"turn around† point after the period of 1976-1994. I have discussed some of them in detail so that you can get a better understanding of the reforms that took place during the period of 1976-1994. Words: 1024 References 1. http://upetd. up. ac. za/thesis/available/etd-05062008-091259/unrestricted/02chapter2a. pdf 2. http://jae. oxfordjournals. org/content/16/5/849. abstract 3. http://newlearningonline. com/new-learning/chapter-5-learning-personalities/apartheid-education/ 4. http://www. nwu. ac. za/sites/default/files/files/p-saeduc/articles/2009articles/Teksversorg_23nov09_ODAV. pdf 5. http://www. mongabay. com/history/south_africa/south_africa-education_under_apartheid. html

Event Organisation Description

Event Organisation Description 1. DEFINITION OF EVENT. a) Experts definition of event. To better understanding the definition of events I would like to mention at the beginning that various terms is used to explain its meaning.   To find the answer for this question I will quote Getz who said that A special event is a unique moment in time celebrated with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs. Getz (1997; p.4), Another event specialists state that an event can be defined as anything which happens; any incidence or occurrence especially a memorable one; contingency or possibility of occurrence; and item in a programme and organised activity at particular venue for sales promotion and fundraising. (Bowdin2011,p.17) b) My own definition of event. In my opinion an event is a special occasion such as football match, festival or concert which has happen in a special place, on specific time and required a lot of different kind of things to be organised before it may take a place. The event doesnt occur very often so its the reason why it is so special and many people is looking forward to be a part of something unique in some way. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THREE EVENTS FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS. T IN THE PARK FESTIVAL The biggest music festival in Scotland, held at a disused airport in Balado.T in the Park is an event that every year attracts over 80,000 music fans from around the world. During the 3 days of the festival there are over 180 artists performing on eleven stages. In the past, there appeared stars such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Who, Green Day, The Killers, Foo Fighters, REM, Oasis and Radiohead. First edition took place in 1994 in Strathclyde Country Park. Its name comes from the main sponsor Tennents brewery. Baldo park is an excellent location for the event as most Scottish who want to take part in the festival can get there easily which makes it an ideal place to host this type of event. The festival includes of three days of fun, music and dance. The festival takes place every second weekend of July. People attending for the event are mostly young people interested in pop, rock and electronic music. Through the years the festival has be become increasingly popular and now it is the biggest music festival in UK. OCTOBER FEST- Its the largest beer and folk festival held in Munich in Bavaria (Germany). Oktoberfest takes place from 1810 years. Until 1871, it took place in October, and since 1872 the beginning of the event has been postponed for September. In recent years the average number of visitors was six million people. During the festival is being consumed about five million liters of beer, traditionally sold in one-liter mugs. Fairs called Oktoberfest in Bavaria were not uncommon. Their goal was to use beer from the passing season, before the start of the new brew. The Munich Oktoberfest enjoys more than 200-year tradition. On the occasion of the wedding of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the future King of Bavaria and his bride, Princess Therese von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, which took place on October 12, 1810, they were held on the meadows in front of the city walls (today Theresienwiese ) horse racing. Since Prince Ludwig passion for antiquity competitions were held in the style of the ancient Olympic Games. In the early years of the Munich Oktoberfest was primarily sporty character. Since the event enjoyed great popularity among the inhabitants of the city, the royal court decided to repeat the race a year later at the same time, and so was born the tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest. Due to the involvement of Bavaria in the Napoleonic Wars in 1813 for the first time the festival was abandoned. A break in the tradition also occurred in 1854 and 1873 due to the cholera epidemic in 1866 because of the war and a seven-week 1870 Franco-Prussian war. OLIMPIC GAMES- Are the biggest and most recognised sporting events taking place in summer time (athletics sports) as well as in winter (skiing), which gather participant from all over the world. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games running every four years but two years apart. Ancient Olympic Games The first Olympic Games were held in Olympia in Greece and were played every four years, so in ancient Greece dates Olympics marked the four-year period between successive Olympics. The first documented Olympic Games were held in 776 BC For the duration of the Olympic Games discontinued wars. During the conflict announced peace of God and the war was stopped for two months. For five days lasted games, the rest was allocated to depart and return from the Olympics for spectators and competitors. The first stage of the ceremony, even before the Games begin, was an oath before the statue of Zeus. Raw meat cut into pieces, scattering or decomposed before the statue and each of the participants, along with his father and his brothers took the oath did not commit any fraud on the competition, which confirmed a second oath in which they said they strictly applied the exercise by previous 10 months. Officially received the prize a wreath of twigs of laurel but winner was just one and became famous and in his hometown built monuments in his honor and wrote poems. The wall of the city won the competitor done a hole through which entered the winner greeted by the locals. This meant that the city could not be afraid anymore because it has such a defender. The winner also received material rewards, but not officially given. Over time, in addition to the wreath of olive branches, they obtained money and valuables. Fame have won the whole city and not just winning. Penalties Olympic were very strict. A player who has committed fraud, was forced to put a statue of Zeus, which is inscribed with his name and vice, which he hath sinned. The most popular with fraudsters is Athenian Kalliopos who bribed his would-be opponents. The whole thing came to light. Athenian and others had put monuments for Zeus. Athenians stopped attending the Olympic Games, as the Delphic oracle said that if they start again participate. In the competition they participated wealthy people who could afford to devote the entire year to exercise, then they were only selected athletes. Occurrence naked, because the games can watch only free men. Woman caught in watching the games waiting for the death penalty. There was no team competition. The games were held in honor of the god Zeus. Olympic Games nowadays Present Olympics held since 1896 (Athens), and the winter of 1924 (Chamonix). Modern Olympic Games refer to the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympics. For most athletes the Olympics are regarded as the most important sports and the Olympic gold medal as the most valuable trophy .Exception of this rule are tennis players, cyclists and footballers, but the international federations of these sports are trying to raise the profile of Olympic 3. EMERGENCY ANG GROW OF OLYMPIC GAMES. HISTORY OF OLYMPIC GAMES The modern Olympic Games were celebrate in london, were opened by the Queen Elizabeth II inaugurated the struggles athletes jubilee XXX Summer Olympics. The competition takes place not only for the gold medal, but also for fame and money. The Olympic Games is a huge organizational undertaking and the media, which attracts the attention of millions of people around the world. The history of the Olympic Games and the international Olympic movement is as interesting as the competition athletes. The Olympic Games are derived from ancient Greece. Already in the seventh century BC athletes met once every four years to honor Zeus. Games traditionally played out in Olympia, and competition gathered crowds of locals and visitors from different parts of Hellas. The competition was fought min. in racing, wrestling and chariot races. The winners waited olive twig and a huge celebrity. During the duration of the games announced peace against any conflicts, which is discontinued fights, and even t he death penalty. Unfortunately, with the fall of Greeces Olympic forgotten, and for the next Olympic Games had to wait 1,500 years. The resurrection of the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the Olympic Games took place at the initiative of Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937). This French thinker, educator, historian and sports activist held numerous trips around the world and sought support for the restoration of referring to the tradition of ancient Greek athletes competing from around the world. CHANGES OVER THE YEARS The organization of the games differed significantly from what we currently see. To honour participation in the Olympic women they were not allowed. They had to wait until 1900 for the Olympics in Paris, where competed in golf and tennis. There also were awarded gold medals. The winner was honored a silver disc, an olive branch and a diploma. Not awarded the prize for third place (according to the tradition of awarding medals contemporary model was launched in 1904, the Olympics in St. Louis). GROWTH OF THE EVENT The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, and a terrorist attack in 1972. Every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world. 4. IMPACTS OF BEIJING OLIMPICS GAME IN 2008. NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACT Dismissive of local people- people habited the area had to be resettle to make a way for new developments like new buildings to accommodate visitors and participants as well as make possible to create the proper infrastructure as a part of preparing to the Olympic Game. This situation intensify differences between poor and rich inhabitants of the city. POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT Job creation-preparation for the Olympic Game generated many job opportunities for the local as well as for people from other part of the country and world. Apart from increased number of vacancies related directly to the event, many people found a job in travel sector such as hotels, restaurants, tourists attractions as well as employment related to ensure security due to unusual flow of visitors. NEGATIVE POLITICAL IMPACT Insecurity-because of the volume of the event, the city might be considered as an excellent opportunity for terrorism groups to organise an assassination where many people could lost they lives .Organisations had to keep particular attention to keep all spectators and participants safe during the games and when moving around the city. According to the Chinese security ministry, protestors planned suicide bomb attacks on some Chinese cities and kidnappings in Beijing to disturb the Olympic Games. 5. IDENTIFY ONE INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION RELEVANT TO ONE OF LISTED EVENTS.GIVE DETAILS OF ITS PURPOSE AND THREE BENEFITS TO ITS MEMBERS. The association relevant to T in the park event may be the Association of events Organisers. Their mission statement: AEO is the voice of the event organising community. It serves the collective needs and promotes the interests of the event organisers and the industry at large. The purpose of the AEO is the trade body representing companies which conceive, create, develop or manage trade and consumer events. It is run by its members for the benefit of its members through an elected council of representatives, specialist working groups and a fulltime secretariat. Main benefits of becoming a membership: Members of the AEO benefit from opportunities of which helps them to develop in order to overcome challenges and address issues within the industry The AEO Forums are events which give members a great opportunity for learning different principles related to the day job, delivered by experts both from within and beyond the events industry. Number of AEO Excellence Awards that reward talent such as the Outstanding Contribution to the Industry, Organiser Team of the Year and Unsung Hero awards. Events such as the CEO Summit, International Dinners and annual AEO Conference provide opportunities for senior directors to meet with like-minded individuals and hear from guest speakers on a range of hot topics, developing markets, technologies and growth strategies. If you are a new member, there is an opportunity for senior directors to be mentored by directors in member organisations you aspire to be like in some way, shape or form. The AEO Talent Working Group was set up to share best practice and find solutions to challenges surrounding talent management. This may be training and career development, recruitment concerns, improving skills and cross-functional working practices or discussing equality in the workplace. Members have found that sharing experiences has been extremely beneficial so far. 6. FOUR TRENDS WITHIN THE EVENTS INDUSTRY. Social Medias Social media has made a huge impact on the tourism /events industry. Those industries depend heavily on the use of word-of-mouth to spread opinions and recommendations, and social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. People eagerly use the social media to find out interesting events and check whats going on in the place of their interest. They also share their personal experiences of particular places they have visited. There was significant growth using TripAdvisor in last decade with 320 million reviews and more than 290 million downloads. Its available in form of website as well as an App and it is bespoke company reaching travellers around the world. (Trip Advisor) In the future with technology evolving all the time, social media will become more popular with travellers when comes to booking holidays. Social medias are applied to all of the above three events from the question 2. Growth in Mobile- It is important for tourism and event industries to be up to date with their travellers and event participants in that matters all websites related to the particular event should turn into mobile friendly and start working closer with Social Medias. Nowadays travellers using their mobiles not only to book their trips and events but also may give their recommendation and opinion of the events they took part in. Industries engaged into the new technological tools allow people for a quick access and make it easier to respond either from potential new customers or the existing ones. This trend will help in the future to target different target markets in quick and efficient way in lowest possible cost. E-meetings and digital collaboration- nowadays people have an access to a wide range of methods which allows us to fast communication. Thanks to availability of technologicalplatform such asUber ,airBnB ,TaskTabbit and HotelWall   companies have possibility to conduct a meeting and discussed the most important issues of the business without spending long hours in journey .E-meetings and digital communication are the excellent way to keep our planet away of air pollution by reducing carbon emissions. Eco friendly-increasingly popularity in waste segregation and using bio-materials will be beneficial for the industry as events in which participate a large number of people generate huge amount of waste which if not properly segregated cause many harmful results like formation of the huge garbage dumps by the failure to carry out recycling, higher prices of materials if recycling is not possible ,increase the amount of cutting the threes by the lack of paper for re preparation, minimalize degradation of the landscape. References History (26.01.2017) Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/olympic-games Safeconcerts (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.safeconcerts.com/festivals/t-in-the-park/t-in-the-park-history.asp Wikipedia-Olympic Games (28.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games T in the park (26.01.2017) .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_in_the_Park Wikipedia-Oktoberfest (28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from http://www.oktoberfest.de/en/ Economic impact ( 28.01.2017 ) Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200686460_Economic_impact_studies_of_Beijing_2008_Olympic_Games Event trends ( 02.02.2017) .Retrieved from https://lessconversationmoreaction.com/2015/01/14/top-10-sustainable-event-trends-for-2020/ Event trends (02.02.2017).Retrieved from http://radar.sustainability.com/annual-trends-report/ Association of Events organisers ( 03.02.2017) .Retrieved from http://www.aeo.org.uk/

A Formalist Approach to Eavan Boland’s The River :: Boland River Essays

A Formalist Approach to Eavan Boland’s The River Over the years many different ways of analyzing poetry have been developed. One such approach is the â€Å"New Critical,† or the â€Å"Formalist,† which is based on the writings of Coleridge. The formalist approach is useful because it takes the poem’s form, which may be overlooked, and analyzes it to see what its effect is on the meaning of the poem. There are other aspects taken into consideration, like who the speaker is and how the author incorporates â€Å"ironic awareness† into the poem. Eavan Boland’s message in â€Å"The River† comes across best when looking at the poem with the formalist approach, taking into consideration the speaker and the speaker’s situation, the organic form, and the use of irony. Some aspects may have more importance than others, but all need to be looked at, beginning with the speaker. Using the hints within the poem, I see the speaker as possibly being an adult writing or talking to a parent or some unspecified figure about her early childhood. The speaker could be looking back at a time when someone took her to a river, and she is reporting what she saw. There is textual evidence to support all of these claims. The possibility the speaker is looking back at a childhood experience is shown when she writes, I remember how strange it felt- not having any names for the red oak and the rail and the slantways plunge of the osprey. (6-12) I see the speaker as possibly being a child because the speaker remembers not knowing the actual names of what she saw. A young child wouldn’t know â€Å"rail† or the osprey’s dive, probably using a word such as â€Å"birdie.† The other choice for the speaker is an adult, who is speaking about a time spent at a river in a foreign land. This is the choice I see as most likely possible because the speaker says it feels strange to not know the names, yet as a child I never felt odd because I didn’t know a type of bird.

Analysis of Prince Hamlets Character in William Shakespeares Play Ess

Analysis of Hamlet in William Shakespeare's Play Shakespeare's Hamlet is at the outset a typical revenge play. However, it is possible to see Prince Hamlet as a more complex character as he can be seen as various combinations of a weak revenger, a tragic hero and a political misfit. In order to fully understand the world in which Hamlet finds himself, it is necessary to examine all three of these roles and either dismiss them or justify Hamlet's behavior as a revenger. As a tragic hero, Hamlet displays many typical qualities of a traditional hero in a Elizabethan revenge tragedy. Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark and therefore belongs to a social elite. Hamlet can be described as being too noble to take revenge. As a very well educated scholar of Wittenberg University in Sweden he has to think extensively before taking revenge. He feels the need to question revenge yet he is reluctant to do so rashly without considerable thought "thus conscience does make cowards of us all". We see that this happens in the first few moments of the play when Hamlet doubts the ghost is his father and he needs further prompting and reassurance throughout the play "So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear". Hamlet constantly rationalises and stops himself from acting with any degree of passion. This could be seen either as a weakness or as a personal strength. Hamlet can and is frequently described, as a man with a tragic flaw, this being that his tendency to contemplate his actions is not a positive quality but that instead this brings about his downfall. Hamlet appears to many critics to be too much of an intellectual to play the role as a typ... ...d lead to a great deal of isolation with his native Denmark. Apart from Horatio, Hamlet cannot trust anyone, which increases his sense of isolation. My view is that Hamlet fits all the three categories well and that not one of the views: weak revenger, tragic, hero or political misfit, classifies him accurately. He is a combination of all three and at times vacillates between weak revenger and tragic hero, making him particularly venerable and open to attack. The political problems in Denmark are a contributing factor which simply lead Hamlet to his death but have no bearing on his ability to be either a tragic hero or a weak revenger. I think that Hamlet is a tragic hero with a fatal flaw that he think to much, and is too introspective that ultimately leads to his own and other friends and family members' death. Analysis of Prince Hamlet's Character in William Shakespeare's Play Ess Analysis of Hamlet in William Shakespeare's Play Shakespeare's Hamlet is at the outset a typical revenge play. However, it is possible to see Prince Hamlet as a more complex character as he can be seen as various combinations of a weak revenger, a tragic hero and a political misfit. In order to fully understand the world in which Hamlet finds himself, it is necessary to examine all three of these roles and either dismiss them or justify Hamlet's behavior as a revenger. As a tragic hero, Hamlet displays many typical qualities of a traditional hero in a Elizabethan revenge tragedy. Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark and therefore belongs to a social elite. Hamlet can be described as being too noble to take revenge. As a very well educated scholar of Wittenberg University in Sweden he has to think extensively before taking revenge. He feels the need to question revenge yet he is reluctant to do so rashly without considerable thought "thus conscience does make cowards of us all". We see that this happens in the first few moments of the play when Hamlet doubts the ghost is his father and he needs further prompting and reassurance throughout the play "So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear". Hamlet constantly rationalises and stops himself from acting with any degree of passion. This could be seen either as a weakness or as a personal strength. Hamlet can and is frequently described, as a man with a tragic flaw, this being that his tendency to contemplate his actions is not a positive quality but that instead this brings about his downfall. Hamlet appears to many critics to be too much of an intellectual to play the role as a typ... ...d lead to a great deal of isolation with his native Denmark. Apart from Horatio, Hamlet cannot trust anyone, which increases his sense of isolation. My view is that Hamlet fits all the three categories well and that not one of the views: weak revenger, tragic, hero or political misfit, classifies him accurately. He is a combination of all three and at times vacillates between weak revenger and tragic hero, making him particularly venerable and open to attack. The political problems in Denmark are a contributing factor which simply lead Hamlet to his death but have no bearing on his ability to be either a tragic hero or a weak revenger. I think that Hamlet is a tragic hero with a fatal flaw that he think to much, and is too introspective that ultimately leads to his own and other friends and family members' death.

Penney

A 19% decline in same store sales took place in the first quarter of 2012 for J. C. Penny; followed by 350 employee layoffs and the departure of President Michael Francis (Turner, 2012). This led to a prototype of their new store concept in order to save the company. CEO Ron Johnson, responsible for the redesign of Apple stores, was bought on as part of the team to make this turnaround successful. Unfortunately, Johnson struggled to implement his new company vision to make this transformation which was originally dependent on discounts and coupons to drive sales.Johnson launched a three-tiered pricing scheme meant to make the shopping experience simpler and attract more customers. Advertising and direct mall received new eye catching attention. Also the company changed the concept of constantly have sales to consistently having lower prices. Incomplete execution of the change is why the intended results failed to produce (Basin,2013). A complete transformation was attempted by J. C. Penny, but failed to instill every customer touch-point. Merchandising, Marketing, Customer Service, Store Environment, and its new character were the areas that needed 100% focus and planning.The most important agents of change, the employees, had not been completely brought on board. This being the case, the strategy failed to generate the urgency and excitement required to make the change successful with employees and customers. â€Å"One of the big mistakes was perhaps too much change too quickly without adequate testing on what the Impact would be,† said Bill Cancan, the principal shareholder of J. C. Penny(Edwards, 2013). As good as Johnny's Intentions really were, he was not experienced with bringing a retail store above ground.The director image is the image that best suits this organizational situation of changing how J. C. Operates on a day-to-day basis. This image is based on an image of management as control and of outcomes being achievable (Palmer, 2009). It is u p to the change manager Monsoons) to direct the organization (J. C. Penny) in specific ways to reach the desired outcome. It is assumed that the change is a well-planned choice that managers make and the well-being and survival of J. C. Penny depends on them. The objective is to be a better-performing, better-aligning organization.You cannot change the organizational culture without knowing where your organization wants to be or what elements of the current organizational culture need to change. When an organizational culture Is already established, people must unlearn the old values, assumptions, and behaviors before they can learn the new ones. Executives must lead the change by changing their own behaviors. It is extremely important for change. Members of the organization must clearly understand what is expected of them, and must know how to actually do the new behaviors, once they have been defined.The culture of the change is that the sales have plummeted significantly, employe e layoffs, and the departure of the president (Townsend, 2013). The role culture played in the change is that the economy changes and so do people and what hey desire. What might have worked in the retail business one year might not work the next. The changes that took place in the J. C. Penny Company were most definitely Second order, discontinuous change. This change â€Å"is transformational, radical, and fundamentally alters the organization at its core† (Palmer, 2009).What Johnson is trying to do is seen as large-scale and disruptive, and so is second-order change. J. C. Penny is transforming the nature of their organization, not developing. This is already an established and well known company; it Just needs to turn itself around to be saved. For example, if we were to go skydiving it wouldn't be successful to Jump out while we were not flying. Therefore in order to arrive at a successful place to make the Jump, we have to stay in the same plane and fly around to move t o the right spot. Johnson is a new face to the company and customers and should not come in and totally throw out all things â€Å"old†.Instead of this drastic change to wipe out all that is old, the old and new should be integrated. Not everything that is old is broken and it once worked perfectly fine. However since the beginning of the business opening there have been changes, and now they Just aren't working. Empowerment and teamwork should be seen as assisting in the development of functional and divisional structures rather than replacing them† (Palmer, 2009). Since this major change is restructuring and reengineering, this is altering the basic functioning of the company and therefore is transformational.In order to deal with highly competitive changes in the business environment, producing a fundamental reorientation of J. C. Penny is needed. Some of the key challenges with J. C. Penny are increasing quality and customer value, enhancing innovation, motivating s taff, and enhancing competitive advantage. These challenges can easily be met if the right rationales are put in place. To increase quality and customer value Johnson needs to increase customers' expectations (Palmer, 2009). Without customers, retail store would be non-existent. Enhancing innovation needs to meet customers' expectations.Customers' Expectations are hard to only assume without doing proper planning. Motivating staff needs to gain effective contributions. This is one of J. C. Penny's horrible faults. The employees were not properly trained and knowledgeable about the new changes. Being excited about the opportunities of a many and being able to convey that message to current and future customers is everything when a new system is rolled out. The method for implementing the change was simple, or so Johnson thought. Johnson thought it made sense to cut to the chase by listing realistic prices from the get-go and foregoing nonstop sales.It does make logical sense. However , customers are often drawn to stores not by the promise of fair pricing, but by the lure of hunting for deals using coupons and price markdowns. The â€Å"How Much You Saved† line at the bottom of the receipt serving as a score is nice to look at until one day it disappears. Even Johnson acknowledged the mistake the stores had made when sales started falling even more in summer 2012 be known as having consistently low prices. The vision of the company is the most important thing to know so you know where to start with plans, objectives, and budgets (Palmer, 2009).Vision usually paints a picture of the future and is inspirational. If J. C. Penny had a well-specified market vision, this would have helped to identify how the company would have grown and competed. Meaning is created throughout the organization about what it is the organization does when the vision is aligned with the internal dimension of organizational beliefs and values (Palmer, 2009). The change that J. C. Pe nny went through was communicated poorly. J. C. Penny failed to insure every customer touch-point. Customer service, Marketing, Merchandising, store environment, and employees were not fully developed (Edwards ,2013).The biggest downfall was the employees not being fully onboard. If employees are confused or unsure about a new change than it would be impossible to share this with someone else. This caused a lack of urgency and excitement that the company needed to make the change successful. On a scale of 1-10 of the change agent's work in the execution of the new vision for J. C. Penny, I would give him a 2. While his intentions were good and he thought he had the experience needed, he failed to research what customers really wanted. He guessed.He assumed he knew exactly what had to be done based on how he feels as a customer, but everyone is different and likes different things. Nut and Babcock identified three different approaches for crafting a vision and the leader-dominated ap proach fits the description of the J. C. Penny situation (Palmer ,2009). In this approach the CEO revived the strategic vision for the organization. This is similar to the â€Å"telling† and â€Å"selling† strategies. Telling is when the CEO creates the vision and gives it to staff. It is used when involvement is not seen as important. This is where Johnson went wrong.He took on all of this by himself and didn't want involvement from the rest of the company so much that the employees themselves were confused about the new vision and what to do with it. â€Å"Selling† on the other hand is when the CEO has a vision that he or she wishes to sell to staff (Palmer, 2009). He didn't include the staff and that was a major problem. This is used when the CEO is attracted to the vision and wants others in the organization to adopt it. If Johnson would've done both the â€Å"telling† and the â€Å"selling,† then maybe this would have had a different outcome.M aking J. C. Penny a leader in style with good products and honest business practices would've helped increase success of the project. Leaders must make sure that the entire organization understands the business case for change. Everyone must understand why the change needs to be made. Johnson should over- communicate the business case for the change so that people will believe that it's OTOH real and urgent. Also J. C. Penny must be certain that all levels of leadership are on board with the change and are communicating the same message.Deadlines will probably be missed and excuses will be made for not implementing the new changes if employees do not feel confident in what they are supposed to be supporting. Have we sufficiently rallied the troops? Do they all clearly understand the opportunity ahead? Are they excited by the opportunity and know how they can help the company succeed? These are some good questions that need to be addressed when taking steps to increase the success of the project. Coping with hyperactive business internal and external strategic collaboration is a way to be able to plan everything out thoroughly (Palmer ,2009).Outsourcing of activities in which the organization has no distinctive competence is very important to get rid of things that are not needed in the J. C. Penny vision. Empowerment is the introductions of mechanisms to provide employees with the authority, resources, and encouragement to take action. This recommendation keeps popping up but it is the most important thing with following through with a big change. Another recommendation is to reduce internal and external boundaries. This reduction helps to encourage communication and resource sharing (Palmer, 2009) as there wasn't much communication going on at all.Use techniques to focus people's attention on the importance of change to meet the challenges of J. C. Penny. Also Johnson could use multiple channels to constantly communicate the vision that Johnson created for th e big system change (Moratoriums, 2013). Becoming informed and helping the CEO and leadership team to articulate personal vision for the future of the organization by examining external impacts, trends, and core beliefs. Also visit the future and think ahead five years about the reputation, what competitors and customers think of you, contribution to the community, and what people will say about your company (Palmer, 2009).To ensure the success of any company, the proper steps need to be followed even if it takes longer than you originally planned. Skipping steps might get you there faster but it will hurt your business in the long run. J. C. Penny is still currently trying to get back on track. J. C. Penny's largest challenge going forward is whether it can capture market share from Macy's and other mid-tier retailers and eve from losses to profitability.

Energy Technology Data Center Migration Case Study Solution

Advantage Energy Technology Data Center Migration* Brian Smith, electronic network administrator at Advanced Energy Technology (AET),has been given the responsibility of implementing the migration of a large data center to a new office location. Careful planning is needed beca aim AET operates in the highly competitive petroleum industry. AET is one of five field computer software companies that provide an accounting and business management box for oil jobbers and gasoline distributors.A few years ago, AET jumped into the practical application service provider world. Their large data center provides clients with outback(a) access to AETs complete suite of application software systems. Traditionally, one of AETs primary competitive advantages has been the companys trademark IT reliability. Due to the compositeity of this regard, Brian will have to use a parallel method of implementation. Although this will increase intention costs, a parallel approach is essential if reliability is no t to be compromised.Currently, AETs data center is located on the second floor of a renovated old bank mental synthesis in downtown Corvallis, Oregon. The company is moving to a new, one-level construction located in the recently developed industrial complex at the Corvallis International Airport. On February 1, Brian is formally assigned the line by the Vice-President of Operations, Dan Whitmore, with the following guidelines: From start to finish, it is anticipated the entire determine will take three to four months to complete. It is essential that AETs 235 clients suffer no downtime.Whitmore advises Brian to come back to the Executive delegacy on February 15, with a presentation on the background signal of the project that includes costs, firstcut timeline, and proposed project team members. Brian had some preliminary discussions with some of AETs managers and directors from each of the functional departments and then arranged for a full-day scope meeting on February 4 with a fe w of the managers and technical†¦ If you expect to get a full essay, order it on our website Outline / Highlights: Case Advantage Energy Technology Data Center Migration Brian smith network administratorAdvanced Energy Technology (AET) Implementing migration of large data center to a new office location Petroleum industry 1 of 5 national software companies that provide accounting and business management package for oil jabbers and gasoline distributors Provide remote access to AET’s complete suite of software Due to complexity use parallel method of implementation – This will lead to high project costs / but provide reliability Continue to provide IT reliability Currently AET’s data center is located on 2nd floor of old renovated bank building in downtown Corvallis, Oregon Company is moving to new 1-story bldg. ndustrial complex at Corvallis International Airport on February 1st. Assigned task by Vice-President of Operations, Dan Whitmore Completion date is 3 – 4 months.Complete no later than June 1st 235 clients suffer no downtime Come back on Feb 15th with presentation of Project Scope INCLUDING cost, ‘first cut† timeline and proposed project team members Full Scope Meeting Feb 4th with Managers, technical representatives from Operations, Systems, facilities, and applications SCOPE IS: 3 – 4 months is a feasible project timeline and 1st cut estimate is $80,000. 00 – $90,000. 0 (includes infrastructure upgrade to new site) Critical no downtime – Need to rely on remote disaster recovery â€Å"hot† site for full functionality Personnel Brian is Project Manager 1 person each from: facilities Operations Systems Operations Telecommunications Systems Applications Customer Service First meeting with team is March 1st. This is the initial task After meeting hire contractors to renovate new data center Also need to figure out how to design the network Screening and hiring contractor will take 1 w eek. Network Design 2 weeks Needs new ventilation system has lead time of 3 weeksNeeds Ambient temperature of 67 degrees for equipment Order racks for switches, servers, and other network devices Racks have two-week delivery time Replace all power supplies and data cables NEED TO ORDER (1 week time frame to order lead time) Ventilation and racks need to be done first Time frame for ventilation system is 1 week Time frame for racks installation is 3 weeks Construction will take 20 days Once construction begins and before Brian installs the ventilation system, and racks, the city inspector must approve the construction of the raised floor.City Inspector will take two days to inspect Infrastructure Once construction begins it will take 20 days After city inspection and after new power supplies and cables have arrived Brian can install power supplies and run the cables Estimation of completion is 5 days to install the power supplies and 1 week to install data cables NEED SWITCHOVER APPR OVAL from all functional units before taking network offline, and switching to hot site Meetings with all functional units will take 1 week. During this time check voltage and make sure it is sufficient Requires 1 day.After completion of power check it will take one week to install test servers, batteries need to be charged, ventilation installed, test servers up and running before Management can sign off that new infrastructure is safe. THIS WILL TAKE 2 days Then sign off systems check, taking one day of intense meetings and then set official date of network move. Move will take place on weekend in 2 days. Assignment is:1. Generate a priority matrix for AET’s system move2. Develop a WBS for Brian’s project. Include duration (days) and predecessors3. Using a project planning tool, generate a network diagram for this entire project. ote: Base your plan on the following guidelines: 8 hour days, 7 day weeks, no holiday breaks, March 1st, 2010 is the project start date. As signment requirements This Portfolio Project will consist of a scholarly paper (in APA format) and a PowerPoint presentation. You may select any case study (other than those used in other class assignments) or a case study from another source (must be approved in advance by the instructor). You should write your paper and make your presentation from the standpoint of a hired business consultant. The project will address the following elements: (1) What is the current situation? 2) What needed to happen? (3) What are the constraints? (4) What resources are required? (5) Who is responsible for the resources? (6) What is the timeframe of the project (including sequencing of sub tasks)? (7) What are the costs associated with the project (or not doing the project, or even failing)? (8) What is the return on investment for the project? (9) What is the risk assessment for the project? (10) What is the method for tracking the progress of the project? For the project, you are required to pre sent a summary of the case study.This summary should contain enough information so the reader understands the situation presented in the case study. You will then complete all the questions presented with the case study (as applicable). While all the questions, including the 10 elements listed above, need to be answered within your paper; please do not just list the questions and then the answers. You are expected to incorporate the questions presented in your discussion. The PowerPoint presentation will be based on your paper. This is where you will present the findings of your research.You PowerPoint will need to present the current situation and then present your findings and solutions. There should be no new information in your PowerPoint presentations as you are presenting your paper. Your presentation should last 10 – 15 minutes (based on the content of the â€Å"script†). The main body of your paper is expected to be at least 10 pages. (You will have several cha rts and diagrams in your paper to address the elements above. ) In addition, you will need to use at least five (5) external resources to support your recommendations and findings. At least three (3) of these resources need to come from the school online library.

Destin Brass Products

Destin Brass Products Co. Case 1. Cost: Material $22 Set-up Labor $0. 48 Direct Labor $6. 4 Machine Depreciation (0. 2 hours per unit *$25 per hour of use) $5 Receiving and Material Handing (78% * $220000/4000) $42. Engineering (50%*$100000/4000) $12. 5 Packing and Shipping (73%*$60000/4000) $10. 95 Maintenance (7%*$30000/4000) $0. 525 Total Cost per Flow Controller $100. 755 2 Cost| Traditional| Revised| ABC| Set-up| 16. 45%| 71. 43%| 71. 43%| Machine Depreciation| 16. 45%| 7. 4%| 7. 4%| Receiving & Handling| 16. 45%| 19. 2%| 78%|Engineering| 16. 45%| 7. 4%| 50%| Packing & Shipping| 16. 45%| 7. 4%| 73%| Maintenance| 16. 45%| 7. 4%| 7%| 0. 4*4000*16/9725*16 = 16. 45% 12*10/168 = 71. 43% 0. 2 * 4000/10800 = 7. 4% 3. Under the traditional cost accounting system, the company allocated the total overhead cost assigned to production on the basis of production-run labor cost. The unit labor cost of flow controllers is $6. 4. The unit overhead cost allocated to it is only $28. 10. When u sing the revised cost accounting system, the company allocated the overhead cost based on machine hours.The machine hour of flow controllers is the lowest among the three products. So whether the company uses direct labor dollars or machine hours, the overhead costs allocated to flow controllers are relatively low since they consume less of this cost basis. When use ABC system, the company allocates the overhead cost on the basis of transactions. Among all the products, the company spends 78% of its receiving and materials handling, 73% of packing and shipping and 50% of engineering efforts on flow controllers.Since flow controller production use most of the transactions, the costs assigned to flow controllers are higher under ABC than they are under the traditional cost accounting system. 4. After using the ABC costing system, more overhead costs are allocated to flow controllers and less to valves and pump. Since other factors are stay the same, the net income for valves and pumps will increase and the net income for flow controllers will decrease. Income does not change.