'The culture of individual professions can present barriers to Essay

'The culture of individual professions can present barriers to interprofessional working.' Discuss with reference to your clinical experience - Essay Example We also had people coming from different professions including social service, general practice, billing and insurance. Each of these areas has a different way of dealing with a patient and sometimes they come into conflict because they have different rules. Interprofessional working brings together these elements to find the common grounds where they can effectively collaborate and become more flexible and skilled towards meeting the patients needs (British Medical Association 2005, par.1). When these factors come together, the team is able to more affectively cross "traditional" roles and find ways to substitute roles within the framework of working together. These are the major challenges to interprofessional working and they create barriers to the patient. A study done by Elston and Holloway (2006, p. 20) showed the potential conflict between three different groups: nurses, managers and general practitioners. When asked what "interprofessional working" meant to each group, they found that GPs and managers were focused on their individual practices while nurses were able to see the relationships between all professions. The study further found that GPs thought they were ultimately responsible for everything in the study and nurse practitioners tended to work as doctors in the primary care setting. Managers saw an overall idea of the group than other practitioners. †¦between the different professions there are different priorities, GPs and nurses tend to focus on different aspects†¦I think it is going to be quite a challenge, but if it works them you could end up with something better, you could end up with a real representative view. (Nurse 2 as cited in Elston and Holloway p. 21). This nurse also pointed out that there would be challenges with understanding the differences between educational backgrounds and the socialisation process that lead to

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Essay

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Essay Example As the intake of cannabis has become very much common, one might wonder the rate at which people are hospitalized for it. It has been found out that the trends in hospital separations related to drug-induced psychosis in Australia for cannabis have reduced. The high intake of cannabis can lead to intoxication as a result of which there are accidents. Hospitalization rates have increased due to the accidents that have occurred due to the intake of the drug. An astonishing case of hospitalization has been in the case where a toddler was admitted because he had accidentally consumed the cannabis of his parents. Moreover, hospitalizations were more frequent within the group of indigenous people of Australia.Cannabis when taken on a regular basis and in huge amount in can lead to several problems and lead to different diseases including mental. Children who are addicted to it find themselves performing poorly in schools. In fact, a positive correlation is seen between the use of cannabis and its detrimental effect on education. Cannabis increases the poor performance of the students and ultimately they leave school. Thus it creates a population of uneducated people with severe addiction to cannabis (Lynskey & Hall, 2000). There is a lot of health effects that are associated with the consumption of cannabis. Consumption of cannabis leads to intoxication which affects behavioral skills. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of accidents of those who intake cannabis. Further, continuous consumption of cannabis creates dependence on it which is very hard to leave. Cannabis smoking is â€Å"

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) Essay

Design of a product or service prototype (BUS CATCHER) - Essay Example The paper tells that the use of public transport for commuting in the US is still very low compared to other countries. The estimated share of public transport market share (motorized travel) is less than 4% barring exceptions like New York (9.6%) and San Francisco (5.0%), being as low as less than 1% in more than half the states. Small as this may be, the total amount of fuel saved from public transportation use currently is estimated to be equal to 1.4 billion gallons of gasoline (based on 2004 figures), In terms of total barrels of crude oil, this would be the equivalent of 33.5 million barrels of crude oil. Increase of commuting is a desirable goal and has policy support. Apart from this reasons like congestion on the roads, savings in commuting time would be seen as the chief reasons for a commuter to prefer public transport over using own cars. Typically a product or a service that gives enhanced value for a customer would what make a customer to switch to a service or a produc t. There is a big opportunity here for bus operators to create this critical additional value through use of ICT to induce commuters to switch over in a big way to using public transport like buses. Bailey estimates that for an US population of 7.2 million non-drivers, 50% 0f which is people above the age of 654, public transportation is the only alternative, when they are going somewhere outside their immediate neighborhood. She also observes most U.S. residents still do not have the option of using public transportation to get places.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Essay

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Essay Example As the intake of cannabis has become very much common, one might wonder the rate at which people are hospitalized for it. It has been found out that the trends in hospital separations related to drug-induced psychosis in Australia for cannabis have reduced. The high intake of cannabis can lead to intoxication as a result of which there are accidents. Hospitalization rates have increased due to the accidents that have occurred due to the intake of the drug. An astonishing case of hospitalization has been in the case where a toddler was admitted because he had accidentally consumed the cannabis of his parents. Moreover, hospitalizations were more frequent within the group of indigenous people of Australia.Cannabis when taken on a regular basis and in huge amount in can lead to several problems and lead to different diseases including mental. Children who are addicted to it find themselves performing poorly in schools. In fact, a positive correlation is seen between the use of cannabis and its detrimental effect on education. Cannabis increases the poor performance of the students and ultimately they leave school. Thus it creates a population of uneducated people with severe addiction to cannabis (Lynskey & Hall, 2000). There is a lot of health effects that are associated with the consumption of cannabis. Consumption of cannabis leads to intoxication which affects behavioral skills. As a result, there has been an increase in the number of accidents of those who intake cannabis. Further, continuous consumption of cannabis creates dependence on it which is very hard to leave. Cannabis smoking is â€Å"

Playing Hard to Get Essay Example for Free

Playing Hard to Get Essay Walster, Walster, Piliavin, Schmidt have designed a study to test the why women play hard to get when to comes to dating. This article is talks about how there are two different types of women when it comes to relationships. One type is the easy to get and hard to get. Easy to get women are girls who are either desperate for affection, who might have to many demands for their significant other, may want to get serious right away and possibly may have a disease. Whereas, the hard to get women have something about them that every guy would want to be with, she knows she is pretty and that every guy would do anything for her. A women knows in her mind, playing hard to get will make any man go through all kinds of trouble or challenges just trying to please her and hopefully making the girl like him or even falling in love with him. If a guy, can get to be with her it’s like winning a gold prize and gaining respect from all kinds of men because they can recognize that the girl is a hard to get girl. The experimenters tested 5 different experiments to test and see if any theories can prove about these hard to get girls. Experiment I was the dissonance theory was the first experiment was to predict to see if one had to spend a lot of energy to attain one goal because he would be unappreciative of the outcome. Experiment II was the learning theory was next to see if two advantages were attainable: exclusiveness with value and frustration that will increase drive. Experiment III was the Schachtarian theory requires two components just like the learning theory to test the person for calling it love. Both Walsters Lyons designed a field study and a laboratory experiment in to demonstrate that men prefer a date that plays hard to get. Computer matching service was conducted for women to be hired as experimenters. Precise instructions was given on how to respond when their computer match called them for a date by pausing to think for at least 3 seconds accepting the date, which would be labeled hard to get. Other times women were told to accept the date immediately, to be labeled as easy to get. The results indicated that elusiveness had no impact on the mans liking for his computer. Experiment IV was a laboratory experiment that tested the knowledge that a woman is elusive gives one indirect evidence that she is socially desirable. This indirect evidence should have the biggest impact when a man has no way of acquiring direct evidence about a coeds value or when he has little confidence in his own ability to assess value. When direct evidence is available, and the man possesses supreme confidence in his ability to make correct judgments, information about a womans elusiveness should have little impact on a mans reaction to her. Blind dates were being tested to see if this came true. Experiment V, we had decided that perhaps the hard-to-get hypothesis must be tested in a sexual setting with prostitutes that gave the men mixed drinks that will see if the hard to get hypothesis is true. Later this experiment resulted that there is two components: How hard or easy she is for him to get how hard or easy she is for other men to get. To test this, 71 male summer students at the University of Wisconsin were recruited for a dating research project. This was designed to determine whether computer matching techniques are in fact more effective than is random matching. All participants were invited to come into the dating center in order to choose a date from a set of five potential dates. When the subject arrived at the computer match office, they were handed folders containing background information on five women. Some of these women had supposedly been randomly matched with him and others had been computer matched with him but in reality, all five folders contained information about fictitious women. Experiments asked if they liked her, would you get along, first impressions and questions of that nature. All these results of their hypothesis turned out to be false but learned new information of women being hard to get. In my own opinion, the experiments did their best to test this phenomenon regardless of how old this article is because till this day, a hard to get women is described as someone who requires a lot of work in order to talk or to be seen with. Being with a women gives the man a lot of respect because start to question to figure out what does a man have to do to be such a girl with high standards. These experiments are valid even though they have failed but have demonstrated how these women work when playing hard to get. When it comes to girls, men are usually clueless because there are no set rules on how they react or how to keep them happy. Any interaction with women are general is an experiment because it involves a lot of variables, different possibilities of what the men can say leading to various reactions from the women. A follow up study can be done because this article is over 20 years old but it may just strengthen the results of this article. A study of how or why women act hard to get in the first place, their intentions or see if there are any tricks to get by these kinds of women. Experiment V was the best experiment to test by randomly selecting girls for the men and seeing what their likes and dislikes were when women were being hard to get. Men today have changed a lot when these experiments have taken place according to society at that time. I feel that these experimenters did all they could with their limited technology and how boys and girls acted in that time frame. Nowadays, women explore all options of being hard to get and easy to get by mixing it to fully get what they want and that drives men insane because we tend to get clueless of how things work. This article is valid of what has been tested and outcomes that of that women playing hard to get is still unknown till this day.

Irish Government Foreign Policy

Irish Government Foreign Policy The X Liberation Party have been duly elected to govern the state of X and, after the election, the party renounced the former constitution and enacted two pieces of radical legislation, firstly the Rendition Research Institute Act 2006 which permits the government to feely interrogate and torture people without any judicial or legal oversight and, secondly, a statute that forbids the use of the word rendition in any form of publication and breaking this law is punishable by death. Perhaps understandably, the Irish lawyers who are working in the state of X refuse to recognise the new lawyers presumably because the laws curtail the freedom of speech, permit torture at the behest of the government and provide for capital punishment for a relatively menial offence. The Irish government takes a hard line Kelsenite view on all matters of recognition and dealings with foreign states, that is, the government’s policies are based on the extensive theories of Hans Kelsen, an Austrian jurist who advocated legal positivism and the pure theory of law. Legal positivism involves attempting to explain what the law is, not what it ought to be. The theory is concerned with the science of law and not legal politics. However, Kelsen’s theories differed slightly from those of other legal positivists because Kelsen viewed a legal statement as a normative statement, a statement of how one ought to behave. Consequently, Kelsen developed his pure theory of law. The theory is pure partly because it does not focus on justice and is stripped of its ideological, political, economic and historical dressings. In Kelsen’s words ‘the pure theory of law simply declares itself incompetent to answer either the question whether a given law is just or not, or the more fundamental question of what constitutes justice’[1]. Kelsen believes that ‘the pure science of law seeks the real and possible law, not the just, and in this sense it is radically realistic and empirical. It declines to justify or condemn’[2]. The fact that the law exists does not guarantee that the legal order is just. In Kelsen’s opinion, any legal order is comprised of general norms and each norm depends on a higher norm for its validity; the theory of the hierarchical system of norms. Of course, this hierarchical system is not infinite; the highest norm in the system is the basic norm or ‘grundnorm’, and does not depend on another norm for its validity. The basic norm will often be the constitution and is presupposed to be valid due to a transcendental-logical presupposition[3]. This is because the basic norm has the function to found the objective validity of the subjective meaning of the acts by which the constitution is created.[4] The norms that are below the basic norm are valid because the basic norm has conferred objective validity on these general norms. Kelsen also hypothesised about the consequence of changing the basic norm in relation to whether the change would be valid.[5] Kelsen described the situation whereby a group of individuals seize power by force and remove the legitimate government to introduce a republican government. Kelsen believed that if the citizens conform to the new order, the new order will be valid. This is because, in Kelsen’s opinion, in order for a norm to be valid it has to be efficacious and the norm must command a sufficiency of adherence or obedience from the majority of citizens to validate it; universal or total obedience is not essential. The X liberation party was duly elected to power by a majority of citizens and the party has the support of the military and the police, thereby satisfying the sufficiency of adherence requirement. The validity and efficacy of the new laws would only be questioned if the majority of the citizens of X did not attach credence to the laws or if they avoided compliance. The legal order that was in place prior to the X liberation party coming to power lost its efficacy and consequently every norm lost its validity because the whole legal order was annulled in a constitutional way.[6] Kelsen also believes that the validity of the basic norm is presupposed and that ‘coercive acts ought to be carried out only under the conditions and in the way determined by the â€Å"fathers† of the constitution’.[7] On this basis, it is clear that the Irish government’s stance is that the basic and general norms enacted by the X liberation party are valid legal norms that should be obeyed by the Irish lawyers. The Irish lawyers may believe that the new statutes are morally reprehensible. However, value judgments and moral or ethical considerations are irrelevant from a Kelsenite perspective. Kelsen completely rejected any connection between law and morals and theorised that all historical, sociological and ideological issues were beyond the scope of his pure theory of law. Kelsen distinguished between law and morals on the grounds that law is a coercive normative order that attempts to bring about a certain type of behaviour by attaching to the opposite behaviour a socially organised coercive act[8] such as the forcible taking away of life, of freedom or of economic or other value, whereas a morality based system comprises of a social order without sanctions where merely approbation of norm-conforming behaviour and disapprobation of norm-opposing behaviour is given. To Kelsen, morals are merely propositions that describe our subjective preferences for behaviour that is impossible to prove objectively; morals are essentially irrational because they merely express different feelings and intuition.[9] Indeed, from a Kelsenite viewpoint any law, even if it was considerably harsher and more morally reprehensible that X’s current laws, is valid if it satisfies the principle of efficacy and can rely on a higher norm for its valid legal existence because, according to Kelsen, ‘there is no kind of human behaviour that, because of its nature, could not be made into a legal duty corresponding to a legal right’.[10] Therefo re, as the rule book of the X liberation party is a valid basic norm according to Kelsen’s theory, the Irish government believes that these laws should be obeyed and will not consider any question as to whether the laws are just or morally sound. Indeed, ‘what content this constitution or the natural legal order built on its foundations has, be that order just or unjust, does not come into question, not whether that legal order guarantees relative peace within the community constituted by it’[11] Even where the punishment that results from breaking a law is death, Kelsen believes that, provided the law satisfies the validity and efficacy requirements, the law is correct and should be obeyed, notwithstanding the fact that capital punishment is used as a sanction for a trivial law such as the law enacted by the X liberation party which allows the government to punish by death any person who uses the word rendition in a publication. Kelsen specifically addresses the validity of a law where the ultimate sanction for breach is death.[12] Kelsen believes that when one individual deprives another of his life the law will be legal ‘only if it is prescribed by an individual legal norm, namely as an act that ought to be performed’[13]. Such a severe law will be valid ‘because this individual norm was created in applying a criminal law that contains a general norm according to which†¦the death penalty ought to be inflicted’[14]. Its validity stems from the fact that the law was ‘created by the legislature, and the legislature, in turn, is authorised by the constitution to create general norms’[15]. Therefore, as the party rule book is the valid basic norm of the legal order of the state of X, the general norms created by the X liberation party are also valid and must be followed by the Irish lawyers, including the norm that prescribes death as a punishment for contravening that norm. If the Irish lawyers contravene the laws of X, they themselves could face imprisonment or even death. Bibliography L.B. Curzon, â€Å"Jurisprudence†, 1995, 2nd ed. Cavendish Publishing Ltd M.D.A. Freeman, â€Å"Lloyds: Introduction to Jurisprudence†, 2001, 7th ed. Sweet and Maxwell W. Morrison, â€Å"Jurisprudence: From the Greeks to post-modernism†, 1997, Cavendish Publishing Ltd J. Penner; D. Schiff R. Nobles, â€Å"Introduction to Jurisprudence and Legal Theory: Commentary and Materials†, 2002, Butterworths Lexis Nexis Footnotes [1] L.B. Curzon, â€Å"Jurisprudence†, 1995, 2nd ed. Cavendish Publishing Ltd at para 12.3 [2] ibid. [3] Kelsen, â€Å"The Pure Theory of Law†, 1945, at pg. 201 [4] Kelsen, â€Å"Professor Stone and the Theory of Law2, 1965, 17 Stan. LR 1130, at 1141 [5] Kelsen, â€Å"General Theory of Law State†, 2005, Transaction Publishing at p. 115 [6] ibid. at 119 [7] ibid. at 117 [8] J. Penner; D. Schiff R. Nobles, â€Å"Introduction to Jurisprudence and Legal Theory: Commentary and Materials†, 2002, Butterworths Lexis Nexis, p 196 [9] W. Morrison, â€Å"Jurisprudence: From the Greeks to post-modernism†, 1997, Cavendish Publishing Ltd p. 333 [10] Kelsen, â€Å"The Pure Theory of Law†, 1945 at p. 113 [11] Kelsen, â€Å"The Function of a Constitution†, 1986, at pg. 116 [12] Kelsen, â€Å"The Pure Theory of Law†, 1967, translated from Kelsen, â€Å"Reine Rechtslehre†, 1960, 2nd ed. [13] ibid. [14] ibid. [15] ibid.

Defining Environmental Philosophy Essay -- Environmental Philosophy En

Defining Environmental Philosophy The Greek word 'philosophy' means literally the (filial) love of wisdom. But 'wisdom' is not a commonly used word in our society so we need to make some effort to locate its meaning. What is indicated by the tradition in which philosophy seeks wisdom rather than merely knowledge or justified belief? While Plato and Aristotle did not agree on the basis of wisdom, they clearly did agree that wisdom is acquired with age and that it transcends mere knowledge about the objects surrounding us in the perceived world. Without stretching the issue too far, I also think it can be said that they agreed that wisdom, in the end, is fundamentally moral. It is not surprising, then, that contrasting wisdom with knowledge usually finds our examples of wisdom on the side of suggesting how something should be dealt with best. Consider a simple example. The courses in a particular department have been scheduled at specific times and in particular places. There is much in this matter that we can know or at least have justified belief about. We can know the scheduled times and places by reading in the official course schedule; and we can believe that the chair of the department got the assignments to the Registrar of the college on time so that they could be included in the schedule. On the other han d, whether or not the department has acted wisely in making these choices transcends the facts of the matter and requires deeper consideration of many issues. It should be clear, in saying this, that "acting wisely" means acting for the best. How can we ever know what "acting for the best" is in a given situation? If we carry the example, above, a little further, we can get some ideas. The selection of a particul... ...n to pose them. First, are there values to us in identifying and studying natural environments? Hence, does preservation of natural environments matter? Second, is there an ethics of balance in which humans are mutually involved with all the other objects of the world? As mentioned earlier, I believe that many of the answers will be found in literature and art before they are found in the arguments of professional philosophers. And the reason for this is that writers and artists have taken the lead in trying to understand the nature of land as a "place" and in trying to understand the nature of place as human "home." Ethics is essentially a conversation. To include nature in ethical conversations demands a vocabulary of nature --- hence, a keen awareness, detailing of observations, and an enthusiasm for description of the natural world that environs and includes us.